1. Homework: Textbook: Interpretations of American History Read Chapter 4 Source Reader Read “Letters from an American Farmer” pp. 8 – 9

2. English Crown: Limited Monarchy Unlike Charles II’s contemporaries, such as Louis XIV of France, the English monarchy had restrictions on its power:  Magna Carta (1215)  Parliament (1295)  Petition of Right (1628, inspired the Massachusetts Body of Liberties)

3. The Restoration After the death of Oliver Cromwell, Parliament asked Charles II to return and assume the throne. The English had grown tired of Puritanical military rule. Despite this change, like their father, Charles II and then James II will clash with the English idea of representative government, both at home and abroad.

4. Tightening the Grip  As Duke of York, James II forbade the assembly of New York to meet, except briefly between 1682 and 1686.  Charles II combined New Haven with Connecticut, in 1662, since New Haven gave refuge to two judges that condemned Charles I to death. He also gave Connecticut a charter to act as a economic rival to Massachusetts, since Massachusetts defied his authority.  He eventually took New Hampshire away from Massachusetts and gave it a royal charter in 1679.  In 1663, a new charter was given to Rhode Island, giving the colony legitimacy, because of Massachusetts’ defiance  Finally in 1684, Charles II made Massachusetts a royal colony and revoked its charter. This also dissolved the New England Confederation and the Body of Liberties.

5. Dominion of New England In 1686, the Dominion of New England was created, by James II, to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts. The acts forbade American trade with countries other than Britain. As a result, smuggling became common.

6. Sir Edmund Andros He was the head of the Dominion. Establishing headquarters in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England. His soldiers were vile-mouthed and despised by Americans. Andros responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts, schools, and the press, and revoking all land titles. He taxed the people without their consent. Tension grew in New York, as well, since Catholics held prominent political and military power and the colonists feared their officials would betray them to Catholic France.

7. Glorious Revolution In 1688, James II’s wife gave birth to a son, and the English grew fearful of possibly having another Catholic king. The people of England staged a bloodless revolution, overthrowing James II and installing William of Orange and his wife Mary, daughter of James II, to the crown. James II fled to France.

8. Effects of the Glorious Revolution  Creation of the English Bill of Rights (1689)  Collapse of the Dominion of New England  Massachusetts got a royal charter in 1691, but this charter allowed all landowners to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting belonging only to the church members.  Leisler’s Rebellion  Protestant Association  William III encourage colonial assemblies to work with royal and proprietary governors

9. “Salutary Neglect” An unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of the Navigation Laws, lasting from 1688 to 1763. Even though more royal officials patrolled the American ports, governments, and courts, the colonies thrived on independence from royal intrusion.

10. Beginning of the World Wars The first two accounts of the major European powers fighting in North America were called King William’s War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713). In the colonies, these conflicts dealt primarily between English settlers, French trappers, and any native tribes either side could enlist. The mother countries did not consider North America a concern to commit enlisted men.

11. Results of the Wars  Grand Settlement of 1701  Treaty of Utrecht (1713) – French lost Arcadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay  Conflicts reinforced the colonists’ allegiance to England (Protection of Protestantism and political liberty)

13. Mercantilism An economic theory that closely linked a nation’s political and military power with its revenue. Mercantilists generally believed that to attain more power, a nation must export more than it imports, thus protectionism and colonial acquisition is needed to increase exports.

14. Triangle Trade The exchange of trade between the American colonies, West Africa, and the West Indies. It was a small, but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade and mercantilist theory.

15. Mercantilist Actions on the Colonies  Navigation Acts  Molasses Act and other trade laws  Restricted the colonies from creating currency  The British crown reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by colonial assemblies that endangered the mercantilist system

16. Navigation Acts Passed between 1650 and 1673, these laws established three rules for colonial trade: 1)Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial built ships, which are operated only by English or colonial crews 2)All goods imported to the colonies, except for some perishables could pass only through ports in England 3)Specified goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original specified good, but over a period of years, the list was expanded to include most colonial products

17. Molasses Act This was a tax place on imported molasses, in 1733, in an effort to stop the North American trade with the French West Indies. The law proved to be largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling and bribery.

18. Wool Act of 1699 The act prohibited American colonists from exporting wool, wool yarn, or wool cloth to markets outside the individual colony in which it was produced, and also restricted the import of woolens and linens created in other areas of the British Empire. In effect, it forced all wool and wool products produced by colonies and dependent areas of Britain to be sold to British markets, and then resold to British citizens in all areas of the empire. Each sale generated taxes on these goods.

19. Hat Act of 1732 It controlled hat production in the Thirteen Colonies. It specifically placed limits on the manufacture, sale, and exportation of American- made hats. The act also restricted hiring practices by limiting the number of workers that hatmakers could employ. The law's effect was that Americans in the colonies were forced to buy British-made goods, and this artificial trade restraint meant that Americans paid four times as much for hats and cloth imported from Britain than for local goods.

20. Iron Act of 1750 The act was designed to restrict the colonial manufacture of finished iron products and steel. This was a continuation of a long term British policy, which were designed to direct most American trade to England, and to encourage the manufacture of goods for export to the colonies in Britain. The Iron Act, if enforced, would have severely limited the emerging iron manufacturing industry in the colonies. However, as with other trade legislation, enforcement was poor because no one had any significant incentive to ensure compliance.

21. Positives and Negatives of Mercantilism Positives:  Navigation Laws were loosely enforced allowing smuggling  The crown paid the colonies for raw goods and shipping rather than local English merchants  Tobacco planters had a monopoly on the English populace  Colonial merchants had the protection of the mighty British army and navy, without the cost.  New England shipbuilding prospered Negatives:  Forced colonists to become dependent on British middlemen, creditors, and manufactured goods  Chesapeake farmers received low prices for their crops  Colonists felt like they were being used for the benefit of the mother country over their personal needs

22. By 1775…  The population of the thirteen colonies was 2.5 million people. (500,000 were African)  3:1 English subject to colonist ratio  The average age was 16 years old  Most of the population (95%) was densely cooped up east of the Alleghenies, though by 1775, some had slowly trickled into Tennessee and Kentucky.  About 90% of the people lived in rural areas and were therefore farmers.

24. Diverse Society Despite being predominately English, the American colonies had a more diverse society, in 1775, than any European country:  6% German  7% Scots-Irish  5% Swede, French, Welsh, Dutch, Jews, Irish, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders  20% African (the only involuntary immigrant)

25. Germans These individuals accounted for about 6% of the population, or about 150,000 people by 1775. Most were Protestant (primarily Lutheran) and were erroneously called the “Pennsylvania Dutch.” Not having loyalty to the English throne, the Germans tenaciously clung to their language and customs.

26. Scots-Irish  The Scots-Irish were about 7% of the population, with 175,000 people.  Over many decades, they had been transplanted to Northern Ireland, but they had not found a home there (the already existing Irish Catholics resented the intruders).  Many of the Scots-Irish reached America and became squatters, quarreling with both Native Americans and white landowners.  Most moved to Pennsylvania and as the Allegany boundary stopped the flow West they began to trickle down to Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas.  They were known to be very hot-headed and independent minded. They also brought the secrets of distilling Scottish whiskey.  Many eventually became American revolutionists.

28. “Middle Passage” The transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates ran as high as 20%.

31. Colonial Society Structure  In contrast to contemporary Europe, America was a land of opportunity. With the exception of slaves, anyone who was willing to work hard could possibly go from rags to riches.  Class differences did eventually emerge, as a small group of elites (made up of the rich farmers, merchants, officials, clergymen) had much of the power.  Armed conflicts in the 1690s and 1700s enriched a number of merchants in the New England and middle colonies.  War also created many widows and orphans who eventually had to turn to charity, but the poverty in America did not compare to the poverty in England. Attitudes toward the poor shifted in the 1700s.  In the South, a firm social pyramid emerged  About 50,000 criminals were also shipped to the colonies, though many were convicted by an unfair English penal code

32. American Slave System  As prosperity increased, slaves were seen as an economic necessity and could afford to keep them healthy, though they were treated worse than white indentured servants.  Creoles and Africans  Task System/Carolina and the Gang system/Chesapeake  Imposed slave codes to keep order. Depending on the colony, reading, writing, and manumission were forbidden.

33. South Carolina Slave Revolt An uprising, in 1739, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of eighty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They burned seven plantations and killed twenty whites. The slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida, but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.

34. New York Slave Revolt An uprising, in 1712, of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the death of nine whites, the brutal execution of eighteen blacks, and the suicide of six other accused slaves. Thirty blacks were executed and the seventy more were exiled to the West Indies, after a wave of thefts and fires took place in 1741.

35. Securing New France and Louisiana  Founded the city of New Orleans and befriended the Choctaw to protect the Mississippi River.  Expanded trade relations with natives in the upper Ohio River and Great Plains Indian tribes  Antoine Cadillac - French explorer who created Fort Detroit in 1701, to stop the English settlers from moving into the Ohio River Valley.

37. British Westward Expansion  Tuscarora War (1711-1713)  Yamasee War (1715- 1716)  Plight of the Catawbas  Covenant Chain  Walking Purchase

38. Georgia: The Buffer Colony  Georgia was intended to be a buffer between the British colonies and the hostile Spanish settlements in Florida and the French in Louisiana.  It was founded last, in 1733, by a high-minded group of philanthropists. Named after King George II, it was also meant to be a second chance site for debtors. James Oglethorpe, the ablest of the founders and a dynamic soldier-statesman, repelled Spanish attacks. He saved “the Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by mortgaging his own fortune.  All Christians, except Catholics, enjoyed religious toleration, and many missionaries came to try to convert the Indians. John Wesley was one of them, and he later returned to England and founded the Methodist Church.  Georgia developed a plantation system late because of an unhealthy climate, early restrictions on black slavery and restrictions on landholdings, and constant Spanish attacks. As a result, Georgia grew slowly and had the smallest population of all the English colonies.

40. New Spain Grows Slowly  By 1750, the Spanish had reclaimed New Mexico and lived in relative peace with the Pueblos  Texas was slow to develop because of the lack of security, however, some mission/forts were developed (Alamo) by 1760.  Florida did not expand in the 1700s, but proved to be a vital territory at threatening Carolina. Slaves also found refuge in the colony if they converted to Catholicism.

42. War of Jenkins’ Ear A war, in 1739, between England and Spain supposedly over the chopped off ear of an English sea captain. It began as a small-scale war with clashes in the Caribbean and the buffer colony of Georgia, but eventually merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742.

43. King George’s War Also known as the War of Austrian Succession, this was a war that pitted Great Britain against France and Spain between 1740 and 1748. New Englanders helped British regulars capture Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, which commanded the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It was given back to France at the war’s end which angered many of the colonists.

44. Colonial Politics  By 1775, eight of the colonies had royal governors who were appointed by the king.  Three had governors chosen by proprietors (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware)  Practically every colony utilized a two-house legislative body.  The upper house was appointed by royal officials or proprietors. It was chosen by the people in self-governing colonies. (Connecticut and Rhode Island).  The lower house was elected by the people.  Self-taxation with representation came to be a cherished privilege that Americans valued above most other rights.  Most governors did a good job, but some were just plain corrupt. Many colonial legislatures controlled the governors through the “power of purse.”  The right to vote was not available to just anyone, with gender, property, and religious qualifications required. However, the ease of acquiring land to hard workers made voting a privilege easily attainable.

45. Zenger Trial A New York libel case, in 1734 and 1735, that was against John Peter Zenger for writing articles charging the royal governor of corruption. The case established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel. The decision became the banner for freedom of the press.

46. The Enlightenment A term used to describe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.

47. Benjamin Franklin No American fully embodied the enlightenment spirit:  “Renaissance Man”  Junto  Poor Richard’s Almanack  American Philosophical Society  Established in Philadelphia the first privately supported circulating library in America  Helped launch the University of Pennsylvania, the first college free of denominational control.

48. Deism An 18 th century doctrine, embraced by numerous founding fathers like Jefferson and Franklin, that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected the biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a “Supreme Being” created the universe.

49. Arminianism The belief that salvation is offered to all humans, but is conditional on acceptance of God’s grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election, the change sparked many churches to eventually concede to these “heresies” to revitalize the church.

50. Great Awakening This was a religious revival, which took place in the 1730s and 1740s. The event swept through the colonies to place an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. Preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield molded a new craft of preaching.

51. Effects of the Great Awakening  Division in the clergy: Old Lights v. New Lights  Schisms in denominations greatly increased the number of sects in America and increased competition  A fresh wave of missionary work was encouraged among Native Americans and slaves  “New Light” centers of higher learning were founded, like Princeton, Rutgers, Dartmouth, and Brown  The event was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people, breaking down sectional boundaries and denominational lines, which contributed to the growing sense that the American people have a common history and shared experiences