1. BY: CAMILLE SISON LACTATION

2. NEWBORNS HAVE 3 DEMANDS

3. HALLMARK FEATURE OF FEMALE MAMMALS Lactation is the secretion of milk from specialized glands (mammary glands) to provide nourishment to offspring Lactation period Endocrine Control Progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, oxytocin

5. MAIN MILK DUCTS The main milk ducts at the base of the nipple are: - Approximately 2 mm - Superficial -Branching close to the nipple The range of milk ducts exiting the nipple is 4 – 18

6. STAGES OF BREASTMILK CONTENT Colostrum, “first milk” 1-3 days Creamy yellow liquid. Considered the “first” child immunization protein, minerals, vitamins, immunoglobulins Transitional milk 2-4 days after birth Breast milk with some colostrum. Mature milk 7+ days 90% water, 10% carbs, proteins, fats

7. LACTOGENESIS Process of changes of mammary glands to begin milk production 3 stages Results in dramatic reduction in progesterone, estrogen, and HPL levels, which stimulates milk production.

8. LACTOGENESIS I differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells into lactocytes (milk producing cells in alveoli) that secrete colostrum Hormones Ductal growth – estrogen, growth hormone (GH) Alveolar development – progesterone, prolactin, human placental lactogen (HPL) Mammary parenchyma – ACTH and glucocorticoids make up milk ducts and glands

9. LACTOGENESIS II onset of copious milk secretion occurring between 32 and 96 hours after birth Hormones Prolactin Progesterone High circulating levels of prolactin  cause withdrawal of progesterone

11. LACTOGENESIS III maintenance of milk production Hormones Prolactin ‐ required for milk synthesis Oxytocin – cause milk ejection, reduces stress, causes uterine contractions, establishes caring and bonding behaviors

12. POSITIVE FEEDBACK

13. HORMONAL RESPONSE

15. THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS POLICY Human milk is the optimal form of nutrition for infants. Promotes breastfeeding for the first 12 to 15 months

16. BREASTFEEDING BENEFITS Mother Decreases afterbirth bleeding More rapid uterus involution Earlier return to pre- pregnant weight Improved bone density Reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer Reduced risk of ovarian cancer Reduced risk of Type II Diabetes Infant Insulin dependent diabetes Crohn’s disease Allergies —7 times less Chronic digestive diseases Less incidence of adult obesity Respiratory infection Ear infection—by 4 months, 61% less Urinary tract infection Diarrhea Reduces Incidences/Severity of:

17. A BABY JUST BREASTFED!

18. REFERENCES Boundless. “Physiology of Lactation.” Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 05 Dec. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy- and-physiology-textbook/human-development-and-pregnancy-28/lactation- 267/physiology-of-lactation-1305-9367/ "Breastfeeding: Overview." American Pregnancy Association. N.p., 24 Apr. 2012. Web. 05 Dec. 2015.. Peterson M.D., Matthew. "Prolactin: Physiologic and Pathologic Associations." Human Reporduction. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2015.. Walker, Marsha. "Delayed Lactogenesis II." N.p., 4 Sept. 2015. Web. 5 Dec. 2015..