1. Enrollment No Name 140123106002 Kushal Gajjar 140123106005 Bharat Parmar Internal Guide: Prof.Sagar Nimavat 140123106017 Varun shah 140123106018 Raxak Thakor Gandhinagar Institute of Technology: Department of Civil Engineering Topic : Components Of Hydro Electric Power Plant GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering

2. The energy in the flowing water can be used to produce electricity. Hydroelectric power is generated by running the turbine blades by the energy of the flowing water, and thus producing electricity from the generator coupled to the turbine. Hydropower is obtained from the generators coupled to water turbines which convert the hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy. INTRODUCTION

3.  IN 1880, the grand Rapid Electric light and power company used a water turbine to generate enough electricity to power 16 lights.  Soon after in 1882, the world’s first hydroelectric power plant began operation on the fox river in appleton WI,  The plant later named the appleton edison light company was initiated by appleton paper manufactured H.F. Rogers, who had been inspired by thomas edison’s plans for an electricity producing station in newyork when you look at rushing water falls and rivers you may not immediately think of electricity but hydroelectric power plant are responsible for lighting many of our homes and neighborhoods. HISTORY

4. Understanding the water cycle is important in order to understand hydropower. The energy driving the water cycle comes from radiant energy released by the sun that heats the water and causes it to evaporate. Water Cycle

5.  Hydroelectric power produced by hydroelectric dams accounts for 20% of the world’s total production of electrical energy. Although human beings have been using the power of water for around 2000 years now, the idea of generating electricity from it only started in the mid-20 th century. How it works

6. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is converted into electric energy using a turbine generator, the shaft of the turbine spins a magnet inside coils of copper wire. It is a fact of nature that moving a magnet near a conductor causes an electric current.

8. 1) Dam: The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power plant. The dam is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water throughout the year. It should be built at a location where the height of the river is sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from water. 2) Water Reservoir: The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure. The height of water in the reservoir decides how much potential energy the water possesses. The higher the height of water, the more its potential energy. The high position of water in the reservoir also enables it to move downwards effortlessly. 3) Intake or Control Gate: These are the gates built on the inside of the dam. The water from reservoir is released and controlled through these gates. These are called inlet gates because water enters the power generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened the water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines. The water flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic energy.

9. 4) The Penstock: The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit, comprised of the turbines and generator. The water in the penstock possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its height. The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the water reservoir and the amount of water flowing through the penstock. The amount of water flowing through the penstock is controlled by the control gates.

10. 5) Water Turbines: Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter the power generation unit, which houses the turbine and the generator. When water falls on the blades of the turbine the kinetic and potential energy of water is converted into the rotational motion of the blades of the turbine. The rotating blades causes the shaft of the turbine to also rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the generator. In most hydroelectric power plants there is more than one power generation unit. There is large difference in height between the level of turbine and level of water in the reservoir. This difference in height, also known as the head of water, decides the total amount of power that can be generated in the hydroelectric power plant. There are various types of water turbines such as Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, Pelton wheels etc. The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power plant depends on the height of the reservoir, quantity of water and the total power generation capacity

11. 6) Generators: It is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator, which produces alternating current in the coils of the generator. It is the rotation of the shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field which is converted into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. Hence the rotation of the shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic and potential energy of water. Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential energy of water is converted into electricity.

12.  Hydro power can be generated using water collected and stored at high elevation and led through tunnels or pipelines to a turbine generator located at low level.  In order to ensure the continuous production of hydropower, the construction of a dam across a river to store water on the upstream side is needed.  Storage plants  Pumped storage plants  Runoff river plants  Tidal plants TYPE OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS

13.  Such a plant has a storage reservoir at its upstream. A dam is constructed across the river and water is stored during the period of excess supply.  The demand is met from the runoff river when the flow is in excess of demand and storage during the low supply period.  The storage reservoir permits to develops the flow for power generation substantially more than the minimum stream flow.  Storage plants are designed for small as well as large heads.  In this scheme, a dam is constructed across the river and the powerhouse may be located at the foot of the dam.  In India, most of major plants are of this category such as in Bhakra, Hirakund, Rihand prjects etc. Types of power station I. Low Head II. Medium Head III. High Head Operating Head (m) Less than 30 30-250 Over 250  Storage Plant:

14.  Pumped storage Plants:  A pumped storage plant generates power during peak hours, but during the off-peak hours, water is pumped back from the tail water pool to the head water pool for future use.  During off-peak hours, excess power is available from the thermal plant or from any other hydro-plant.  This power is utilised in pumping the water from the low reservoir.  In such a scheme, no water is wasted, the machine used as turbine during generating electricity is used as a pump during off peak load hours to pump water back in to the upper reservoir.  Additional cost of pumping plant can be saved by using the newly developed machines which are design to work as turbine as well as pump.

15.  Run-off-River-Plants  Run-off-river-plants are those which utilise the river flow having no poundage at its upstream.  A weir as a barrage is constructed across the river, simply to raise the water level slightly.  Evidently the river should be perennial with minimum flow adequate to generate sufficient power.  Such a scheme is essentially a low head scheme and may be suitable only on a perennial river having sufficient power.  Run-off-river-plants generally have a very limited storage capacity to supplement the normal stream flow.  Such a small storage capacity, called poundage, is provided for meeting the hourly fluctuations of load.  When the available rate of flow at the site is in excess of demand, the excess water can be temporarily stored in the pond on the upstream side of the weir.

16.  Tidal Plant:  Water at the time of high tide when stored in a basin at a high level can be made to fall in to sea during low tide through turbines to produce tidal power.  The advantage of this rise and fall of water is taken in a tidal plant.  The principal components of a tidal power plant are power house, dykes to form basin or basins and sluice ways from the basin to the sea and vice versa.

17.  It is important to note that when determining head, hydrologists take into account the pressure behind the water.  Water behind the dam put pressure on the falling water.

18.  Low head Plants:  If the operating head on a plant is less than 30m, it is usually classified as a low-head plant.  A run-off river plant is essentially a low head scheme.  In this scheme, a weir or a barrage is constructed to raise the water level, and the power house is constructed either in continuation with the barrage or at some distance downstream of the barrage, where water is taken to the power house through an intake canal.  For low-head plants, axial flow turbines, such as Kaplan turbines, are generally used.

19.  Medium head Plants :  If the operating head is between 30 and 250m, it is usually classified as a medium head plant.  A high dam is constructed across the river to create necessary head by storing sufficient water for power generation throughout the year. i.For lower range of medium head, a run-off river plant is generally constructed if there is a steep slope in stream. Axial flow turbines or francis turbines are generally used. ii.For high range of medium head a storage plant is constructed. Mixed flow francis turbines are generally used.

20.  High head Plants:  If the operating head on the plant is greater than 250m, it is usually classified as a high head plant.  A dam of a sufficient height is therefore require to be constructed so as to store water o n the upstream side and to utilise this water throughout the year.

21. Advantages Renewable Energy Clean Energy Source Domestic Energy Source Generally Available As Needed Provides Recreational Opportunities Water Supply and Flood Control

22. Disadvantages Drought Impact on Local Environment and Land Use Preservation Concerns

23. Because the water cycle is continuous, Hydropower is a renewable energy source.

24. The Future of hydropower lies in technologies that are also environmental friendly THANKS ALL OF YOU