1. Physical Geography of Europe

3. EUROPE! A Peninsula of Peninsulas? EUROPE! A Peninsula of Peninsulas? OR A Peninsula of Asia?

4. Europe: An Asian Peninsula?

5. I. PENINSULA OF PENINSULAS A.EUROPE IS CALLED A “PENINSULA OF PENINSULAS.” B.FIVE MAJOR PENINSULAS OF EUROPE: 1.SCANDINAVIAN 2.JUTLAND 3.IBERIAN 4.ITALIAN 5.BALKAN C. TWO MINOR PENINSULAS 1.PELOPONNESIAN 2. KOLA

6. NORTHERN PENINSULAS Jutland Peninsula Scandinavian Peninsula Kola Peninsula

7. SOUTHERN PENINSULAS Iberian Pen. Italian Pen. Balkan Pen Peloponnesian Pen. Crimean Pen.

8. 1.SCANDINAVIAN PENINSULA A. Bordered by the Norwegian, North, and Baltic Seas & the Gulf of Bothnia B. Countries: 1. NORWAY 2. SWEDEN 3. Northern part of FINLAND

9. 2. JUTLAND PENINSULA A. Bordered by North Sea to the west and Baltic Sea to the east. B. Directly south of Scandinavian Peninsula C. Denmark occupies the northern 70% of the peninsula with the country of Germany extending into the southern 30% of the peninsula. GER.

10. 3. IBERIAN PENINSULA (Pyrenees Mountains block access to this peninsula from the rest of Europe) - Bordered by Atlantic Ocean (W), Bay of Biscay (N) Mediterranean Sea (E & S), Countries on the Peninsula: 1.Spain 2.Portugal

11. 4.ITALIAN PENINSULA - Shaped like a boot/ bordered Mediterranean Sea (S), Tyrrhenian Sea (W) & Adriatic Sea (E) A. One Major Country: ITALY and B. Two Microstates San Marino, 301 CE. The Vatican

14. 5. BALKAN PENINSULA Bordered by Adriatic Sea (W), Black Sea (E), Aegean Sea (SE) & Mediterranean (S) COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL EUROPE:  Croatia  Bosnia-Herzegovina  Serbia  Romania  Montenegro  Bulgaria  Macedonia  Albania  Greece (never controlled by USSR)  Part of Turkey

15. MINOR HISTORIC PENINSULA 1. PELOPONNESIAN PENINSULA: located on the southern part of Balkan Peninsula (part of Southern Greece) Bordered by Ionian (W) Mediterranean (S) & Aegean (E) Seas

16. 2. KOLA PENINSULA East of Scandinavian Peninsula Bordered by the Barents Sea (N) and the White Sea (S) - Part of Russia. - Major ocean port of Murmansk is on the peninsula (remains ice free year-round)

17. C.WATER = strong physical influence on region. 1.No location is more than 300 MILES from the sea. 2.13 countries are LAND-LOCKED (have no direct access to the sea.) 3.Islands: a.Large Islands of North Atlantic: Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland (DK … but physically part of No. America) b.Small Islands in Mediterranean: Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Cyprus and the microstate of Malta.

18. MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS - Generally rugged & mountainous. - Mediterranean Sea struggles with pollution(will take centuries to clean up). Sardinia Crete Malta Mikonos

19. THE SEA INFLUENCES: a.CLIMATE b.COMMERCE AND TRADE c.FISHING (important industry and a way of life in many countries)

20. D.OVERALL LANDFORMS: SANDWICH-LIKE (EAST TO WEST) 1. OLD, LOW MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTH (over 400 M years old) shaped by GLACIERS. a.KJÖLEN (pron. “CHURLIN”) MOUNTAINS Scandinavian Peninsula b. Same mts. continue under the NORTH SEA and become the HIGHLANDS OF SCOTLAND. c. GLACIERS carved deep U-shaped valleys called FJORDS that are connected to the sea

21. 10,000 BCE – Ice Age

22. NORWEGIAN FJORDS Glaciers cut deep, steep- sided coastal valleys that filled with seawater during the last Ice Age.

24. 2.YOUNG, HIGH MOUNTAINS IN THE SOUTH (25 M YEARS OLD. Shaped by TECTONIC PLATES (convergence/volcanic activity & earthquakes) a.MAJOR SOUTHERN MOUNTAIN RANGES: Pyrenees, Alps, Apennines, Balkans, Dinaric Alps b.EARTHQUAKE ZONE: extends across northern Mediterranean coast and on through Southwest Asia and South Asia as far as the Himalayas

25. EARTHQUAKE ZONES

26. ICELAND:“The Youngest Oldest Country” “LAND OF FIRE AND ICE" -Volcanoes -Hot Springs -Geysers -Glaciers A glacier melt zone Reykjavik (capital city)

28. ICELAND: has oldest parliament in the world, the "Althing." Founded in 930 CE and may be called the oldest functioning legislative body still in existence. ICELAND: the youngest country in the world (country’s landmass is geologically younger that any other); more active volcanoes than any other country-keep adding lava along Mid- Atlantic Ridge)

29. MOUNT ETNA, SICILY

30. Mount Vesuvius, Italy 1944 eruption Pompeii 79 CE Herculaneum, 79 CE

31. Elevation ALPS CARPATHIANS CAUCASUS Urals PYRENNES APENNINES

32. THE ALPS Covers Liechtenstein, most of Switzerland, Austria & parts of Germany, Italy and France.

34. MONT BLANC IN THE ALPS Highest mountain in the Alps: 15,771 feet. On the French/ Italian Border

35. THE CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS

36. TRANSYLVANIA in the Carpathian Mountains Home of Vlad Tepeš (“Count Dracula”)

37. Ural Mountains: “The Great Divide” Divides The European And Asian Sections Of Russia. ___ 1500 miles

38. The Ural Mountains

39. PlainsPlainsPlainsPlains PlainsPlainsPlainsPlains Northern European Plain Steppes Siberian Lowlands

40. 3.Sandwiched between the Northern & Southern European mountains is the NORTHERN EUROPEAN PLAIN a.A BROAD FERTILE PLAIN stretches across France, Denmark, Germany, Poland and into Ukraine, Belarus and Western Russia b.Region marked by 1. Fertile soil 2. Abundant rainfall 3. A relatively mild climate for the latitude.

41. c.The further from Atlantic Coast (Poland to Russia) the more climate is affected by CONTINENTALITY (long, bitter cold winters & very hot summers) d.Region uses HIGH TECH, HIGH YIELD, INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE to produce majority of Europe’s crops. e. Flat plains have provided a corridor for armies and invaders to use as an open route into Europe.

42. THE NORTH EUROPEAN PLAIN

43. LANDUSELANDUSE LANDUSELANDUSE

44. The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice Versa?) The Northern European Plain --> An Invasion Route into Asia (& Vice Versa?)

45. STEPPES : “Soviet” Breadbasket

46. THE STEPPES (Ukraine/ Belarus/Western Russia 25% of the former Soviet Union’s food supply produced in the Steppes

47. THE BeNeLux COUNTRIES * * Belgium * Netherlands * Luxembourg * * Belgium * Netherlands * Luxembourg

48. 4.THE NETHERLANDS (HOLLAND) a. 25 - 40% of land is below sea level; Sea Walls (called dikes) have been built and sea water pumped out of low land areas called POLDERS Polder (reclaimed low land) Earthen Sea Wall (dike)

50. AMSTERDAM’S CANALS

51. E.RIVERS (Highways for people and goods/ provide water for agriculture)

52. 1.RHINE RIVER a.Most important river in Western Europe – flows 820 mi north/ northwesterly a.Source: The ALPS & Lake Constance in Switzerland. b.Mouth: Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) on the NORTH SEA.

53. THE RHINE RIVER VALLEY

54. 2.DANUBE RIVER a. Called “The River of Destiny” (cuts almost 1800 mi. eastward across 10 countries/ through 4 European capital cities) b. Source: The Bavarian Alps of southern Germany c.Mouth: In the country of Romania on the Black Sea.

56. The Danube River A frontier border of the Roman Empire, the Danube flows through or acts as the border of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine,and Romania Where Buda & Pest Meet Biking Along the Danube Biking Along the Danube

57. F. NATURAL RESOURCES 1. COAL DEPOSITS a.Italy b.Belgium c.Netherlands d.Poland 2. IRON ORE DEPOSITS a.France b.Germany c.United Kingdom d.Balkan Peninsula Regions with BOTH iron & coal: 1.Ruhr River Valley of Germany 2.Alsace-Lorraine Region of FRANCE 3.Northern England & Wales * World producers of STEEL

58. 3.Other ENERGY SOURCES: a.OIL AND NATURAL GAS: beneath the North Sea (oil fields are MAJOR source of petroleum/ belong to United Kingdom)

59. b. PEAT: decayed plant material in bogs of the United Kingdom and the Jutland Peninsula

60. c. TIDAL POWER: Harness the energy of the tides as they come in and out

61. Offshore Wind Turbines Near Copenhagen. Denmark Bavarian Wind Farm

62. We Will Finish Notes Over Factors that Influence the Climate of Europe