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Chapter 5: Developing American Identity 1689-1763
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Land, Rights and Wealth Colonies were thriving – Cheap land – Natural resources – England-less than 5% own land
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Land Ownership Owning land gives political rights White male property owners can vote No nobility
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Women Most women were farm wives Cooked, churned butter, wove, knitted, tended garden
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Women Women did not have many rights – Could not: – Vote – Hold office – Preach – Own property
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Children Large families (6-8 kids) More children, more workers Expected to be useful at 3-4 years old Age 6- Boys “breeched”, work in fields Girls learn household skills
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Children Age 11- boys begin to be apprenticed – Learn a skill or a trade from a master/professional – Age 13-14- most girls sent to other households to learn specialized skills
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Colonial Schooling Education valued in colonies Most children taught to read so they could understand Bible Wealthy go to private schools, learn writing and math
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Education High literacy rate – NE 85% (white men) – Middle 65% – South 50% – Roughly half those amounts for women – Illegal to teach slaves to read or write
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Newspapers and Books Early 1700’s- 1 paper Over next 70 years, almost 80 emerge Books originally imported from England Over time colonists start to publish their own Ben Franklin- almanacs
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The Great Awakening Inner religious emotion more important than outward religious behavior Sermons appeal to heart, draw large crowds
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The Great Awakening 1730’s and 1740’s Jonathan Edwards- best known preacher, terrified listeners
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There are two opinions which I mean to oppose in this doctrine. One is that the eternal death with which wicked men are threatened in Scripture, signifies no more than eternal annihilation: that God will punish their wickedness by eternally abolishing their being. The other opinion which I mean to oppose is that though the punishment of the wicked shall consist in sensible misery, yet it shall not be absolutely eternal, but only of a very long continuance.
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The Great Awakening Groups of traveling ministers, churches split into factions Encouraged ideas of equality, right to challenge authority
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The Enlightenment Emphasized reason and science as the path to knowledge Began in Europe- discovering natural laws
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The Enlightenment John Locke-philosopher, people have natural rights: – Life – Liberty – Property
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Ch. 5 Sec. 1 What ideas were common amongst all of the colonists?
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Ch. 5 Sec. 1 Review Spreading of newspapers, high literacy, education valued Great Awakening Enlightenment- reason and science
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Roots of Representative Government Magna Carta (1215) states that Englishmen have certain rights from living under an English govt.
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Magna Carta Could not have property seized by king or officials Could not be taxed w/o council agreement Jury of peers Trial needs witnesses Limits power of the king
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Parliament and the colonial govt. Parliament: – House of Commons: elected by the people – House of Lords: nobles, clergy, judges
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Parliament and the colonial govt. Colonists want their own elected assemblies – House of Burgesses- Va – William Penn- forms general assembly – Imposed taxes and managed colonies
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Authority of the King Even though colonists govern themselves in some ways, the king still has authority – Can appoint royal governors – Parliament has no representatives from colonies, can still pass laws that affect them
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Authority of the king 1685- James II becomes king, wants to rule with total authority This includes total authority in the colonies
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James II Dominion of New England – Bans assemblies – Restricts town meetings to one per year – In part, because of New England ignoring the Navigation Acts
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James II In response, some colonists refuse to pay taxes Being taxed w/o having a voice violated their rights
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Glorious Revolution Parliament overthrows King James II for not respecting its rights 1689- Mary (James’ daughter) and William take the throne Parliament makes them agree to the English Bill of Rights
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English Bill of Rights Respect the rights of citizens and Parliament King/Queen cannot cancel laws or taxes unless Parliament agreed Free elections and frequent meetings of Parliament must be held Excessive fines and cruel punishment forbidden Right to complain w/o being arrested
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Shared Power Colonists have elected assembly and royal governors Salutary neglect- hands off policy in the colonies – Colonists get used to acting on their own
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Zenger Trial Arrested for criticizing NY governor in NY Weekly Journal article It was illegal to criticize the govt. in print Andrew Hamilton- defense attorney, says people have a right to speak the truth Jury agrees English rights become part of a common heritage uniting people in the British colonies
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Ch. 5 Sec.2 Review What common beliefs did colonists have in the way that they should be governed?
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Ch. 5 Sec. 2 Review Magna Carta- jury, witnesses, no property seizure Right to elect representatives to govern- House of Burgesses English Bill of Rights-free elections, excessive fines and cruel punishment banned, king/queen need consent of Parliament Zenger Trial- People have a right to speak the truth and criticize govt.
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The French and Indian War France claims- Western lands: France claimed from Appalachians to Rockies This includes Ohio River Valley, Mississippi River and the Great Lakes
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French Territorial Claims Main settlements: Quebec and Montreal along the St. Lawrence River in Canada
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French Territorial Claims 1760- New France- population of around 80,000 – British colonies population of over 1 million French settlers worked as fur traders, Jesuit missionaries
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Native American Alliances English and French compete for furs Different Native Americans competed to supply English and French with furs French- Great Lakes region (Huron and Algonquin) English- NY- Iroquois
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5 Huron Tribes Present day Flint, Saginaw, Sarnia (Michigan) Sudbury (Ontario)
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Ohio River Valley Disputes British fur traders move in in the 1750’s French attack these outposts (Ohio river is the link that connects French colonies in Louisiana and Canada)
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Ohio River Valley Disputes Virginia also had a claim to this land builds fort that French capture (Fort Duquesne) They then build Fort Necessity, also captured by French This begins the French and Indian War
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Albany Plan of Union- 1754 British and Iroquois meeting for alliance Iroquois decline Ben Franklin suggests colonies ban together for defense
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Albany Plan of Union-1754 Each colony would send representatives to a Grand Council Council would collect taxes, raise armies, make treaties, start new settlements Rejected by colonial legislatures (not wanting to give up power for their own affairs)
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General Braddock Britain knows they can’t rely on colonists for full funding or troops Send Gen. Braddock and 2 regiments to VA to fight
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Fort Duquesne Gen. Braddock marches to Ft. Duquesne with 2,100 troops While going over a mountain, 900 French and Indian troops attack Braddock doesn’t adapt, dies in battle Over 1,000 British troops die
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British Take Quebec 1757- William Pitt becomes Secretary of State in England Pitt determined to win war By 1759 Britain controls 6 French forts British take French capital at Quebec, turning point of war
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Treaty of Paris Britain and France continued to fight elsewhere for 3 more years Treaty of Paris- Britain claimed all of North America east of the Mississippi France gives Spain New Orleans and Louisiana for its help
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Pontiac’s Rebellion British take French forts, British settlers move west into Native American land Native Americans led by Pontiac attack Destroy almost every fort west of Appalachians, surround last 3
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Pontiac’s Rebellion British invite war leaders in, give them blankets covered in smallpox Started outbreak, Native Americans retreat
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Proclamation of 1763 British realize continued defense of the frontier will be costly Proclamation of 1763- forbid colonists to settle west of Appalachian mountains
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Proclamation of 1763 Colonists are angered, thought that they had a right to settle the Ohio River Valley British are angered that the colonists do not want to pay for the war
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