1. Lab 6 TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG T.A. Bahiya Osrah osrahb@gmail.com

2. Lipid profile test: It is a group of tests used together to determine the risk of heart disease. These tests include : 1.total cholesterol (TC), 2.low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 3. high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The results of the lipid profile along with other known risk factors of heart disease are important for know the proper treatment.

3. LDL-C (BAD CHOLESTEROL): It is type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the blood. It is considered undesirable because it deposits excess cholesterol in tissues and organs as well as walls of blood vessel and contributes to hardening of the arteries and heart disease. LDL-C is considered the most important form in determining the risk of heart diseases. LDL values: LDL less than 100 mg/dL if you have heart disease or diabetes. LDL less than 130 mg/dL if you have 2 or more risk factors. LDL less than 160 mg/dL if you have 0 or 1 risk factor. {Factors= smoking, diabetes, alcohol, and life style}

5. Measuring LDL-C level: Direct LDL-C (by using method that measures it directly). Calculated LDL-C (by using the below equation) LDL = Total cholesterol - (HDL + TG/5) LDL-C (BAD CHOLESTEROL):

6. HDL-C (GOOD CHOLESTEROL): It is type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the blood. It is considered to be beneficial because it removes excess cholesterol from tissues. HDL values: HDL less than 40 mg/dl means high risk of heart disease. A good level of HDL is ≥ 60 mg/dL.

7. Cholesterol: Cholesterol is a substance (a steroid) that is essential for life. It forms the membranes for cells in all organs and tissues in the body. It is used to make hormones that are essential for development, growth and reproduction. It forms acids that are needed to absorb nutrients from food. People consume it by eating animal products such as meat, eggs and dairy products. A small amount of the body’s cholesterol circulates in the blood in complex particles called lipoproteins. Cholesterol is different from most tests in that it is not used to diagnose or monitor a disease but is used to estimate the risk of developing a disease — specifically heart disease.

8. Cholesterol levels: Desirable: Cholesterol below 200 mg/dL is considered desirable and reflects a low risk of heart disease. High Risk: Cholesterol above 240 mg/dL is considered high risk. The doctor may order a lipid profile (as well as other tests) to try to determine the cause of high cholesterol. Important note: 1.It is not necessary to fast when you have a cholesterol test. Cholesterol does not change in response to a single meal. Cholesterol:

9. Cholesterol does change in response to changes in long term patterns of eating — like changing from a high fat diet to a low fat diet — but it takes several weeks to see changes in blood cholesterol in response to changes in diet. Factors cause increasing in the cholesterol level: Cholesterol is high during pregnancy. Women should wait at least six weeks after the baby is born to have cholesterol measured. Some drugs that are known to increase cholesterol levels include anabolic steroids, beta blockers, epinephrine, oral contraceptives and vitamin D. Cholesterol:

10. Triglyceride (TG): This test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are the body's storage form for fat. Most triglycerides are found in adipose (fat) tissue. Some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. Important Note: The test for triglycerides required fasting.

11. What does the test result mean? A normal level for fasting triglycerides is less than 150 mg/dL. It is unusual to have high triglycerides without also having high cholesterol. Abnormal level when triglycerides are very high (greater than 1000 mg/dL), there is a risk of developing pancreatitis. Because The enzyme pancreatic lipase acts at the ester bond, hydrolysing the bond and "releasing" the fatty acid. In triglyceride form, lipids cannot be absorbed by the duodenumpancreatic lipaseduodenum Treatment to lower triglycerides should be started as soon as possible. Specimen type, collection and storage: Serum or plasma can be used. A fasting blood sample is preferred for lipid profile test. However, if cholesterol alone has to be analyzed, a random sample can also be used. Triglyceride (TG):

14. (0.1 mmol/l)