1. 1066 The Year That Changed The World

2. Topics  The New Millennium  The Normans  Harold Godwinson  The Battle of Stanford Bridge  William The Conqueror  Battle Of Hastings  Iconoclasm  The New Millennium  The Normans  Harold Godwinson  The Battle of Stanford Bridge  William The Conqueror  Battle Of Hastings  Iconoclasm  The Great Schism  Missionaries in the East  The Castle  Middle Ages Hierarchy  Warfare in the Middle Ages  The End of Times

3. Impending Doom  In Europe the coming of the new millennium was viewed with fear.  Some thought that the New millennium would bring new reign of Christ.  Other believed the world would fall to darkness.  Many would spend the passing of the millennium huddled in churches and cathedrals.  In Europe the coming of the new millennium was viewed with fear.  Some thought that the New millennium would bring new reign of Christ.  Other believed the world would fall to darkness.  Many would spend the passing of the millennium huddled in churches and cathedrals.

4. The Northmanni  Early Tenth Century, Vikings settle along Seine river.  Northmanni raid and attack local settlements.  911, Rollo deals with Charles the Pious to establish Duchy.  Rollo converts and pays “homage.”  Early Tenth Century, Vikings settle along Seine river.  Northmanni raid and attack local settlements.  911, Rollo deals with Charles the Pious to establish Duchy.  Rollo converts and pays “homage.”

5. The Normans  Over the years the northmanni prosper and become involved.  They begin to expand into Flanders and Brittany.  They become Franks and are known as Normans.  1030 a dispute breaks out between Duke Richard III and his brother Robert.  Over the years the northmanni prosper and become involved.  They begin to expand into Flanders and Brittany.  They become Franks and are known as Normans.  1030 a dispute breaks out between Duke Richard III and his brother Robert.

6. William Duke of Normandy  When Robert dies in 1035 his bastard son William will inherit his Duchy.  William’s mother’s heritage is unknown.  The early years of his reign was marked by war and treachery.  He would marry Matilda of Flanders to cement an alliance.  When Robert dies in 1035 his bastard son William will inherit his Duchy.  William’s mother’s heritage is unknown.  The early years of his reign was marked by war and treachery.  He would marry Matilda of Flanders to cement an alliance.

7. Invading England  In 1060 William’s cousin Edward was king of England.  Edward who was also Norman, bequeathed the throne to William before his death.  Edward possibly had also granted rights to Harold of Wessex, and Harald III of Norway.  What develops is a three way battle for the English throne.  In 1060 William’s cousin Edward was king of England.  Edward who was also Norman, bequeathed the throne to William before his death.  Edward possibly had also granted rights to Harold of Wessex, and Harald III of Norway.  What develops is a three way battle for the English throne.

8. Harold Godwinson  Born in 1001, Son of Godwin Earl of Wessex.  Related directly to King Cnut of England and Denmark.  Sister married to Edward the Confessor.  Selected to secede Edward by the Witenagemot.  He would exile his brother Tostig, and by ascending throne break his oath to William.  Born in 1001, Son of Godwin Earl of Wessex.  Related directly to King Cnut of England and Denmark.  Sister married to Edward the Confessor.  Selected to secede Edward by the Witenagemot.  He would exile his brother Tostig, and by ascending throne break his oath to William.

9. Defeating Harald  William’s army of 7,000 plus was delayed crossing the channel.  Harald’s Viking army landed near York.  Harold had to assemble a force and on 25 September engaged Harald at Stamford Bridge.  Harold’s army destroys the Nord army and Harald as well as Harold's brother Tostig are killed.  William’s army of 7,000 plus was delayed crossing the channel.  Harald’s Viking army landed near York.  Harold had to assemble a force and on 25 September engaged Harald at Stamford Bridge.  Harold’s army destroys the Nord army and Harald as well as Harold's brother Tostig are killed.

10. Two Forces of Destiny  Harold had no time to celebrate, William’s army had landed on September 27.  Harold would force march his army out of York.  William’s army would feature 2,200 Cavalry while all of Harold’s were on foot.  On October 14, 1066 Harold's army of 7,500 would meet William’s army of 8,500 at a place called Senlac Hill.  Harold had no time to celebrate, William’s army had landed on September 27.  Harold would force march his army out of York.  William’s army would feature 2,200 Cavalry while all of Harold’s were on foot.  On October 14, 1066 Harold's army of 7,500 would meet William’s army of 8,500 at a place called Senlac Hill.

12. The Battle of Hastings  The Saxons had two primary troops Houscarls, and fyrd.  The Normans employed archers, infantry, and cavalry.  William’s archers would pelt the Saxon’s, but Harold’s troops held.  The Saxon’s would repel several horse charges, but were tricked in a retreating faint.  William’s Cavalry would turn and break Harold’s line.  In the route Harold would take an arrow to the eye.  The Saxons had two primary troops Houscarls, and fyrd.  The Normans employed archers, infantry, and cavalry.  William’s archers would pelt the Saxon’s, but Harold’s troops held.  The Saxon’s would repel several horse charges, but were tricked in a retreating faint.  William’s Cavalry would turn and break Harold’s line.  In the route Harold would take an arrow to the eye.

13. Changing England  With the death of Harold William would be sole claimant to the throne.  He would begin by eliminating the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy.  French would become the dominate language of the upper class.  He would take power away from the Earls, and local administration would fall to the villages.  He would place Norman law and court as the ruling council of the land.  With the death of Harold William would be sole claimant to the throne.  He would begin by eliminating the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy.  French would become the dominate language of the upper class.  He would take power away from the Earls, and local administration would fall to the villages.  He would place Norman law and court as the ruling council of the land.

14. The Domesday Book  To assess the amount of wealth (and tax) William commissioned the Domesday Book.  This book would survey the material wealth of all regions under Williams control.  The book would become final judgment to all on what taxes and revenue they would owe William.  Ultimately it would divide England into Geographical regions known as fiefs.  To assess the amount of wealth (and tax) William commissioned the Domesday Book.  This book would survey the material wealth of all regions under Williams control.  The book would become final judgment to all on what taxes and revenue they would owe William.  Ultimately it would divide England into Geographical regions known as fiefs.

15. The Normans in Italy  In the 1030’s three brothers William, Drogo, and Humphrey de Hauteville traveled to Italy.  They lived the life of “adventurers.”  William would take and claim Apuilla.  They would fight off the Byzantines and the Pope.  The youngest Robert Guiscard would invade Sicily and eventually seize it from the Moors.  In 1090 he would take and hold Malta as well.  In the 1030’s three brothers William, Drogo, and Humphrey de Hauteville traveled to Italy.  They lived the life of “adventurers.”  William would take and claim Apuilla.  They would fight off the Byzantines and the Pope.  The youngest Robert Guiscard would invade Sicily and eventually seize it from the Moors.  In 1090 he would take and hold Malta as well.

17. The Orthodox Church  In the east the Christian church would take on a different path.  Broken from the influence of the west it would have different dogma and leadership.  The Patriarch, the head of the church was appointed by the Emperor.  Saints would be selected and voted by council based on deeds not miracles.  Other interpretations of divinity were considered.  In the east the Christian church would take on a different path.  Broken from the influence of the west it would have different dogma and leadership.  The Patriarch, the head of the church was appointed by the Emperor.  Saints would be selected and voted by council based on deeds not miracles.  Other interpretations of divinity were considered.

18. Iconoclasm  During the 8 th Century a movement arose in the Byzantium church.  Icons of Christ and the Holy Family were considered unholy and were destroyed.  Fights and deaths broke out between iconoclasts and iconodules.  The movement was ended at the Council of Nicaea in 787.  During the 8 th Century a movement arose in the Byzantium church.  Icons of Christ and the Holy Family were considered unholy and were destroyed.  Fights and deaths broke out between iconoclasts and iconodules.  The movement was ended at the Council of Nicaea in 787.

19. Cyril and Methodius  The most successful Orthodox missionaries.  Born in Thessalonica.  They would initially serve in the court of the Abbasid Caliph.  In 862 they would be called to Moravia by King Ratislav.  Initially political they would over the years convert large numbers of Slavs to the Orthodox church.  The most successful Orthodox missionaries.  Born in Thessalonica.  They would initially serve in the court of the Abbasid Caliph.  In 862 they would be called to Moravia by King Ratislav.  Initially political they would over the years convert large numbers of Slavs to the Orthodox church.

20. The Photian Schism  All the differences in theology, leadership and language came to a head in 863.  Michael III exiled the Patriarch Ignatios, and placed Photios in charge.  Pope Nicholas protested.  Envoys were sent and intimidated.  The Pope and the Patriarch were excommunicated.  In the end an uneasy truce was settled.  All the differences in theology, leadership and language came to a head in 863.  Michael III exiled the Patriarch Ignatios, and placed Photios in charge.  Pope Nicholas protested.  Envoys were sent and intimidated.  The Pope and the Patriarch were excommunicated.  In the end an uneasy truce was settled.

21. The Great Schism  The Great split would occur in 1054 over the question of bread.  Michael I would write a scathing letter to Pope Leo IX, and address him as “Brother.”  Pope Leo would send a delegation to Constantinople.  Again both churches would excommunicate each other, one done during high mass.  The split still has not healed to this day.  The Great split would occur in 1054 over the question of bread.  Michael I would write a scathing letter to Pope Leo IX, and address him as “Brother.”  Pope Leo would send a delegation to Constantinople.  Again both churches would excommunicate each other, one done during high mass.  The split still has not healed to this day.

22. The Castle  Stemming from the Roman fort.  Deliberate fortified dwelling and seat of power.  Introduced into England by Normans.  Early castles motte and bailey.  Over time the castles would evolve to an imposing structure.  Stemming from the Roman fort.  Deliberate fortified dwelling and seat of power.  Introduced into England by Normans.  Early castles motte and bailey.  Over time the castles would evolve to an imposing structure.

23. Different Designs Same Purpose  There were several castle designs.  Most were an adaptation to natural barriers.  By 11 th Century most castles would feature these key features.  Towers, keeps & baileys, outer and inner curtain walls. gatehouses, moats, and drawbridges  Complimented with murder holes, arrow slits, ballista, and a myriad of other weapons and defensive features.  There were several castle designs.  Most were an adaptation to natural barriers.  By 11 th Century most castles would feature these key features.  Towers, keeps & baileys, outer and inner curtain walls. gatehouses, moats, and drawbridges  Complimented with murder holes, arrow slits, ballista, and a myriad of other weapons and defensive features.

24. The Castilian  Under Charlemagne the guardian of the castles was the Castilian.  Initially they would have no landed power.  Over time they would exert power over the region and gain titles of Duke, and Count.  They would form the peak of Middle age Society  Under Charlemagne the guardian of the castles was the Castilian.  Initially they would have no landed power.  Over time they would exert power over the region and gain titles of Duke, and Count.  They would form the peak of Middle age Society

25. Middle Age Hierarchy  Middle Age society would continue on the inherited Roman system of power.  Ruling classes would maintain power through birth and adoption.  No upward movement in society, only very rare exceptions.  Only way is down.  Middle Age society would continue on the inherited Roman system of power.  Ruling classes would maintain power through birth and adoption.  No upward movement in society, only very rare exceptions.  Only way is down.

26. The King  At the top of middle ages society.  Gained position through heredity.  Trace descent to mythical or tribal leader.  Authoritative law of the land.  Power was absolute.  Primo-genitor ascension.  At the top of middle ages society.  Gained position through heredity.  Trace descent to mythical or tribal leader.  Authoritative law of the land.  Power was absolute.  Primo-genitor ascension.

27. The Lord  Power given by monarch, but position gained through heredity.  Local representation of law.  Held military power over region.  Was granted fief as payment for military servitude.  Power given by monarch, but position gained through heredity.  Local representation of law.  Held military power over region.  Was granted fief as payment for military servitude.

28. Feudalism  The Lord owned all of the land.  He would lease land rights to a vassal who provided protection and troops.  The land owned by the vassal would be subject to their law.  Tenants of the land, serfs were responsible to farms and produce the land.  In turn the vassal would pay homage to lord in payment of service and goods.  Vassals could subplot their fiefs as reward or inheritance.  The Lord owned all of the land.  He would lease land rights to a vassal who provided protection and troops.  The land owned by the vassal would be subject to their law.  Tenants of the land, serfs were responsible to farms and produce the land.  In turn the vassal would pay homage to lord in payment of service and goods.  Vassals could subplot their fiefs as reward or inheritance.

29. The Knight  Those granted favor by the Lord could be granted title and land in trade for military service.  Knights would owe duty as well as payment for Lords.  Outfitting was the knights responsibility as well as maintaining fighting force.  Daily life would consist of hunting, practice and competition.  Were obliged to be called into service at moments notice.  Those granted favor by the Lord could be granted title and land in trade for military service.  Knights would owe duty as well as payment for Lords.  Outfitting was the knights responsibility as well as maintaining fighting force.  Daily life would consist of hunting, practice and competition.  Were obliged to be called into service at moments notice.

30. Serfdom  Made up 98% of population  Were beholden to the laws of the Lord and vassals.  9\10 of their occupations consisted of farmers.  Would lease acreage of land from lord.  Required to give large percentage of yield for payment of lease.  Had little rights, but would later strike and revolt for change.  Made up 98% of population  Were beholden to the laws of the Lord and vassals.  9\10 of their occupations consisted of farmers.  Would lease acreage of land from lord.  Required to give large percentage of yield for payment of lease.  Had little rights, but would later strike and revolt for change.

31. The Commoner  This class was made up of those who possessed a skill or trade.  Would live in urban centers or villages.  Would yield majority of taxes levied upon population.  To protect rights would enter into unions or guilds.  Later on would make up the middle class of society.  This class was made up of those who possessed a skill or trade.  Would live in urban centers or villages.  Would yield majority of taxes levied upon population.  To protect rights would enter into unions or guilds.  Later on would make up the middle class of society.

32. Crusading Fever  Spain would be involved in secular crusades in bids to retake lands lost to the moors.  Jerusalem was an open city ruled by the Fatimid Caliphate.  Seljuk Turks sweep in take Jerusalem, and threaten Constantinople.  Emperor appeals to Pope.  Makes an offer he can’t refuse.  Deus Lo Volt!!  Spain would be involved in secular crusades in bids to retake lands lost to the moors.  Jerusalem was an open city ruled by the Fatimid Caliphate.  Seljuk Turks sweep in take Jerusalem, and threaten Constantinople.  Emperor appeals to Pope.  Makes an offer he can’t refuse.  Deus Lo Volt!!