1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Health Science I Mrs. Vinson

2. Connecting the Body

3. Bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and bursa

4. Framework: bones form a framework to support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin Protection: bones surround vital organs to protect them Levers: muscles attach to bones to help provide movement Production of blood cells: bones help produce red & white blood cells and platelets, a process called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis Storage: bones store most of the calcium supply of the body in addition to phosphorus & fats.

5. Periosteum – tough, fibrous tissue, forms the outermost covering of bone Compact bone – dense hard & very strong bone, forms the protective outer layer of bones

6. Spongy bone – lighter & not as strong, as compact bone. Found in ends & inner portions of long bones. Red marrow located within spongy bone

7. Medullary Cavity – in the shaft of a long bone & is surrounded by compact bone Endosteum – tissue that lines the medullary cavity

8. Red Bone Marrow – located within spongy bone. Hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells & thrombocytes

9. Yellow Bone Marrow – functions as a fat storage area, is composed chiefly or fat cells & is located in the medullary cavity

10. Cartilage – smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Makes up flexible parts of skeleton  Articular Cartilage – covers surfaces of bones where they form joints  Meniscus – curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as knee, tempor- mandibular joint of jaw

11. Diaphysis – shaft of the long bone Epiphysis – wide end of the long bone Foramen – opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, & ligaments pass Process – normal projection on the surface of a bone that serves as an attachment for muscles & tendons.

12. Joints – also known as articulations are the place of union between two or more bones. They are classified according to either their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow

13. Consisting of inflexible layer of dense connective tissue. Holds bones together (also known as sutures)  Fontanelles – known as the soft spots, normally present on skull of newborn. Closes as child matures

14. Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

15. Two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.  Ball & Socket Joints – allow a wide range of movement in many directions, ex. Hips & shoulders  Hinge Joints – allow movement primarily in one direction, ex knees, elbows

16. Synovial joints have several components that make complex movements possible  Synovial Capsule – outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint  Synovial Membrane lines the capsule & secretes synovial fluid

17. Synovial Fluid – flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make smooth movement possible Ligaments – bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another of joining bone to cartilage Bursa – fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction

18. Typical adult human skeleton consists of approximately 206 bones. Depending on the age of the individual the exact number ranges from 206- 350 bones

19. Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. Axial means pertaining to an axis, which is an imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body

20. Makes body movement possible & protects the organs of digestion, excretion & reproduction Term appendicular means referring to an appendage Consists of upper extremities & lower extremities

21. The skull consists of the eight bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face & six bones in the middle ear.

22. Frontal Bone – forms the forehead Parietal Bone – 2 bones that forms most of the roof & upper sides Occipital Bone – Forms the posterior floor & walls of the cranium Temporal Bones – 2 bones that form the sides and base of the cranium Sphenoid Bone – forms part of the base of the skull & parts of the floor and sides or the orbit Ethmoid Bone – forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, orbit & floor of the cranium

24. Nasal Bones – 2 bones that form the upper part of the bridge of the nose Zygomatic Bones – 2 bones also known as the cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone Maxillary Bones – 2 bones form most of the upper jaw Palatine Bones – 2 bones form part of the hard palate of the mouth & floor of nose Lacrimal Bones – make up part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye Inferior Conchae – 2 bones are the thin, scroll-like bones form part of the interior of the nose Vomer Bone – Base for the nasal septum (cartilage wall that divides the nasal cavities Mandible – Jawbone, only movable bone of the skull. Attaches to the skull at the temporomandibular joint

25. Rib cage – boney structure that protects the heart & lungs Consists of the ribs, sternum, & upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm not including the arms

26. True Ribs – first seven pairs of ribs, attach anteriorly to the sternum False Ribs – next three pairs of ribs, attach anteriorly to cartilage that joins the sternum Floating ribs – last two pair of ribs, are only attached posteriorly

27. Breast Bone, forms the middle of the front of the rib cage  Manubrium – bony structure forms upper portion of sternum  Body – bony structure forms the middle portion  Xiphoid Process – structure made of cartilage that forms lower portion of the sternum

28. Forms Pectoral Girdle, which supports the arms & hands  Clavicle – collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of sternum to scapula  Scapula – known as shoulder blade  Acromion – Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

29. Humerus – bone of the upper arm Radius – smaller & shorter bone in the forearm Ulna – larger & longer bone of the forearm, proximal end articulates with distal end of the humerus to form elbow joint Olecranon Process – funny bone, large projection on upper end of the ulna, exposes a nerve that tingles when struck

30. Carpals – 8 bones that form the wrist. Form the carpal tunnel, a narrow boney passage the median nerve & tendons of fingers pass through Meta carpals – 5 bones that form the hand Phalanges – 14 bones of fingers  Thumb – 2 bones  Other fingers each have 3 bones: distal, middle, & proximal phalanx

31. Structures of Vertebra – bony structure units of the spinal column  Body of the vertebra – solid anterior portion  Lamina – posterior portion or vertebra, transverse & spinous processes extend from here  Vertebral Foramen – the opening in the middle of the vertebra. Spinal cord passes through this opening

32. Types of Vertebrae – Cervical – first set of 7 vertebrae that form the neck (C1-C7) Thoracic – second set of 12 vertebrae that form the outward curve of the spine (T1-T12) Lumbar Vertebrae – third set of five vertebrae

33. Sacrum & Coccyx – Remaining 2 vertebrae  Sacrum – slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back  Coccyx – tailbone, forms the end of the spine & is actually made of 4 small vertebrae that are fused together

34. Intervertebral Disks – made of cartilage, separate & cushion the vertebrae from each other. Act as shock absorbers & allow movement of the spinal column

35. Protects internal organs & supports the lower extremities, also known as the pelvis or hops Ilium – broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back & sides of the pubic bone Sacroiliac – slightly moveable articulation between the sacrum & posterior portion of the ilium Ishium – forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, nears the weight of the body when sitting Pubis – forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone Pubic bones – Ilium, ishium, & pubis are separate at birth. They fuse together to form right & left pubic bones. They are held securely together by the pubic symphysis Acetabulum – known as the hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint

37. Femur – thigh bone, largest bone in body Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum Femoral neck is just below the head of the femur

38. Knees are the complex joints that make possible movement between the upper & lower leg Patella – kneecap, bony anterior portion of knee Popliteal – posterior space behind the knee, where ligaments, vessels, & muscles of joint are located Cruciate Ligaments – make possible the movements of the knee, Known as the anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments

40. Lower Leg – is made up or the tibia & the fibula Tibia – shinbone, the larger weight-bearing bone Fibula – smaller of the lower leg bones Malleolus – rounded bony proturberance on each side of the ankle

41. Tarsals – Ankles form the joint between the lower leg & foot, made up of seven short tarsal bones. Talus - anklebone that articulates with the tibia & fibula Calcaneous - heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones

42. Metatarsals – five bones form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached Phalanges – bones of the toes. Great toe has 2 phalanges & the other toes have 3 each

43. Chiropractor – Doctor of Chiropractic degree & specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

44. Orthopedic Surgeon – also known as an orthopedist, physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, & muscles

45. Osteopath – holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree & uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation. Also known as osteopathy

46. Podiatrist – holds a Doctor of Podiatry or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine Degree & specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

47. Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa Chondroma – slow growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells Arthrosclerosis – stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

48. Hallux Valgus – also known as a bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe Synovitis – inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling & pain of the affected joint

49. Arthritis – inflammatory condition of one or more joints. There are many different forms Osteoarthritis – known as wear-and-tear arthritis, commonly associated with aging. Can be described as a degenerative joint disease because it is a wearing away of the articular cartilage

50. Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic autoimmune disorder. Progressively attacks the synovial membranes. They are inflamed & thickened until the joints are increasingly swollen, painful, & immobile

51. Osteoporosis – marked loss of bone density & an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the bone marrow & adjacent bone. A bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body & spreads via the blood

52. Kyphosis – abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine

53. Lordosis – abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine

54. Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

55. Herniated Disk – Slipped or ruptured disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

56. Closed Fracture – simple or complete fracture. Bone is open but there is no open wound Open Fracture – compound fracture. Bone is broken & there is an open wound in the skin

57. Comminuted Fracture – bone is splintered or crushed Greenstick Fracture – incomplete, bone is bent & only partially broken

58. Oblique Fracture - occurs at an angle across the bone Transverse Fracture – occurs straight across the bone

59. Pathologic Fracture - occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. Bone is weakened by disease Stress Fracture – an overuse injury, a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.

60. Spiral Fracture – bone has been twisted apart. Often result of a severe twisting motion such as a sports injury Compression Fracture – vertebral crush fracture, bone is pressed together on itself

61. Colles’ Fracture – wrist fracture, occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his/her hands Osteoporotic Hip Fracture - caused by the weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis & can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall

62. Depressed Fracture – a broken piece of skull bone moves inward, common with severe head injuries

63. Dislocation – when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint Sprain – when a twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint

64. Closed Reduction – also known as manipulation, the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation Open Reduction – surgical procedure often required to realign the bone parts

65. Immobilization – stabilization, the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast Traction – a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

66. External Fixation – fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues & bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly Internal fixation – fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place.