1. Aim: Collapse of European Imperialism Visualizing Global History Mr. Oberhaus Regents Review Unit 7 Section 4

2. Indian Independence and Partition In 1947, Great Britain granted India their independence. Jawaharlal Nehru became India’s first Prime Minister. In India, Muslim’s and Hindu’s had been fighting for many years. Great Britain drew new borders, creating Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. Later, Pakistan was further divided between East and West with the Eastern portion being known as Bangladesh.

3. Indian Government and Foreign Policy India is the world’s largest democracy. For 40 years, they were led by the Nehru family. After Jawaharlal Nehru died his daughter Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister but she was assassinated in 1984 and her son Rajiv became Prime Minister but he was also assassinated in 1991. During the Cold War, India accepted help from both capitalist and communist countries. They followed a policy of Non-Alignment.

4. Obstacles to Progress in India GoalsObstacles Industrial Growth Lack of oil and natural gas Attempt to follow socialist model Social Equality Hindu Caste System Less education for women and the poor Ethnic and religious prejudice Produce Enough Food High cost of farm equipment Rapid population growth Floods and drought

5. Social Change in India The Caste System had been part of Indian life for more than 2,000 years. – In the 1990s, Mohandas Gandhi campaigned to end the harsh treatment of the caste called the Untouchables. – The Indian Constitution of 1950 banned discrimination against the Untouchables. – The government set aside jobs and places in schools for the Untouchables. The Caste system still exists in the rural villages of India but not in the major cities.

6. The Status of Women – The Indian constitution of 1950 also granted rights to women. It gave women the right to vote and recognized their right to divorce and inherit property. Sikh Separatism – Sikhism is a religion that first began in India in the 1500s. It blends elements of Islam and Hinduism. In the 1980s, Sikh’s sought separation from India. Indira Gandhi sent in troops to quell their uprising. Many Sikh’s were killed and Gandhi herself was assassinated by two of her bodyguards who were Sikh’s. Dispute Over Kashmir – India and Pakistan have disputed control of the state of Kashmir since 1947. Both countries have fought wars in 1947-1948 and again in 1965. Both countries have nuclear weapons and there is a fear today of nuclear war between the two.

7. Independent Nations in Africa Pan-Africanism – This movement which started in the 1920s emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent all over the world. The Atlantic Charter of 1941 – Signed by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt set African Independence in motion for self determination. African nations had a lot of potential. – Many African nations have moved from a socialist model to a free market economy, experiencing growth as a result. – Other nations have expanded mining and manufacturing and built factories to process agriculture products. – Some nations have improved transportation and communication

8. Early Independence Movements Ghana – Also known as the Gold Coast was a British Colony. American educated Kwame Nkrumah was inspired by Pan-Africanism and the writings of Gandhi. He used strikes and boycotts to fight British rule. In 1957, the British granted independence. Nkrumah created the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to promote Pan-Africanism and African independence. Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta led an independence movement in Kenya from British rule. In 1963, Kenya was granted their independence.

9. Obstacles to Progress in Africa Obstacles Economic Policies Failed socialist & mixed economy problems Cash crops instead of food crops Lack of funding for rural development Political Problems Power hungry, greedy leaders Military take overs Harsh dictators Ethnic & regional conflicts Population & Poverty Population explosion Widespread hunger Population & Poverty Population explosion Widespread hunger Land & Climate Too much or too little rain Poor soil Tropical diseases Desert climate Economic Dependence Need for foreign aid Need for imported equipment and goods High debts

10. Apartheid in South Africa The ruling white class in South Africa made Apartheid the official policy in South Africa which forbade interracial marriage, forced non whites to live in certain zones, segregated the schools and public facilities. The African National Congress (ANC) was formed to use violence, boycotts, and non violent civil disobedience to oppose apartheid. In 1960, police killed 69 demonstrators and wounded 180. The government outlawed the ANC and arrested one of it’s leaders; Nelson Mandela. He was sentenced to life in prison.

11. Desmond Tutu: A black Anglican Bishop and civil rights leader, along with other activists convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa. Over time, these nonviolent means of protest had a strong effect. F.W. de Klerk: Became president of South Africa in 1989. Knowing reform was necessary, he legalized the ANC, repealed segregation laws, and released Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990. In 1994, Mandela was elected President of South Africa.

12. Vietnam Ho Chi Minh defeated the French and got them out of Vietnam. In 1954, Vietnam was divided into Communist North and Non-Communist South. In 1956, elections were supposed to be held to unite Vietnam. However, Ngo Dinh Diem of the south refused to hold elections out of fear that the communists would win. Ho Chi Minh formed the Vietcong to overthrow Diem. The United States began sending troops to support Diem. The Vietnam War was officially fought between 1959 and 1975. The United States longest war. By 1969, more than 500,000 U.S. troops were fighting in Vietnam. The United States could not defeat the Communist troops and in 1975 all US forces were withdrawn and the city of Saigon fell making all of Vietnam Communist.

13. Cambodia In 1969, The United States bombed and invaded Cambodia to destroy an area being used by the Vietcong. When the US withdrew, the Khmer Rouge took control of the government under the leadership of Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge began a reign of terror in which millions of Cambodians were murdered. In 1979, Vietnam invaded Cambodia. In the early 1990s a treaty ended the civil war but some fighting still exists today.

14. Myanmar Formerly known as Burma, this country was a possession of Great Britain. In 1990, Britain gave up all rights and Aung San Suu Kyi won an electoral victory. The military rejected the results and placed Suu Kyi under house arrest. She was released in 1995 but was rearrested and resentenced in 2000, 2005, and yearly since then.

15. Summary European imperialism collapsed throughout the world in the years after WWII. In India, independence was accompanied by conflicts among various ethnic and religious groups. In Africa, nations suffered from the legacy left behind by Colonial rule. In Asia, battles between Communist forces and non communists forces raged for years with the United States involvement.