1. Unit 2 Lesson 4: - Unit 1 Test Debrief - Warm up – Energy and Tropic Levels question - Review Biomes Worksheet - Review of Climatograms - Wetland Characteristics - Succession Introduction

2. Unit 1 Test Debrief

3. Lesson 4: Today’s Learning Targets
I can explain the defining characteristics of the various biomes
I can interpret a climatogram
I can describe the terms related to aquatic biomes
I can explain wetlands characteristics and importance
I can explain what succession is and the difference between primary and secondary succession

4. Trophic Levels & Energy Question
Suppose a fox feeds only on rabbits, squirrels, mice, and birds, all of which feed on plant material. Assuming that a fox's daily caloric requirement is 800 kcal, and that only 10 percent of the energy at one trophic level can be passed to the next trophic level:
How many square meters of plant material are then required to support the fox if the net primary productivity of the plant material is 8,000 kcal/m2/yr?
If the fox were to feed only on insect eating birds, how many square meters of plant material would be required?

5. Trophic Levels & Energy Question
Suppose a fox feeds only on rabbits, squirrels, mice, and birds, all of which feed on plant material. Assuming that a fox's daily caloric requirement is 800 kcal, and that only 10 percent of the energy at one trophic level can be passed to the next trophic level:
How many square meters of plant material are then required to support the fox if the net primary productivity of the plant material is 8,000 kcal/m2/yr?
8000 kcal  800 go to “rabbits”  80 to fox
Fox needs 800/day
= (80 kcal = 10 “rabbits”) so 10 x 365 days
= 3,650 m2 or 3.65 x 103 m2

6. Trophic Levels & Energy Question
Suppose a fox feeds only on rabbits, squirrels, mice, and birds, all of which feed on plant material. Assuming that a fox's daily caloric requirement is 800 kcal, and that only 10 percent of the energy at one trophic level can be passed to the next trophic level:
b. If the fox were to feed only on insect eating birds, how many square meters of plant material would be required?
8000 kcal plant  800 insect  80 birds  8 fox
Fox needs 800 kcal /day (8 kcal: 1 bird so 100 birds needed)
= 100 x 365 days = 36,500 m2 or 3.65 x 104 m2

7. Biomes Review

8. Biomes Review
biome: A geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land, and a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow in water.

9. Biomes Review
Biomes are categorized by particular combinations of average annual temperature and annual precipitation.

10. Which biome is it?

11. Tundra Boreal Forest Which biome is it?
1. This biome is categorized by being cold and treeless, with low-growing vegetation and permafrost.
Tundra
2. This biome is categorized by having coniferous forests, typically found in Europe, Russia and North America. It is sometimes called the taiga.
Tundra; 2. Boreal Forest
Boreal Forest

12. Temperate Rainforest Chaparral
Which biome is it?
3. This biome is categorized by mild temperatures and high precipitation where winters are rainy and summers are foggy. It can be found along the west coast of North America from northern CA to Alaska, in southern Chile, on the west coast of New Zealand and on the island of Tasmania, off the coast of Australia. The conditions make it great for growing very large trees.
Temperate Rainforest
3. Temperate rainforest; 4. chaparral
4. This biome is categorized by hot and dry summers with low precipitation and cold winters. Drought-resistant shrubs, typically found along the coast of Southern CA, and Mediterranean areas.
Chaparral

13. Tropical Grassland (savanna) Temperate deciduous forest
Which biome is it?
5. This biome is categorized by wet and dry seasons. Plants include lots of grasses and scattered deciduous trees.
Tropical Grassland (savanna)
5. Tropical grassland (savanna); 6. temperate deciduous forest
6. This biome is categorized by warm summers and cold winters (as compared to temperate rainforests) This is found in Eastern US, Japan, China, Europe, Chile and eastern Australia. It has many broad-leafed deciduous trees and some coniferous trees.
Temperate deciduous forest

14. Wetland Characteristics
Wetlands are ecotones where aquatic life zones border terrestrial biomes
Very important for both aquatic life and terrestrial life.
Protected under the Clean Water Act by both EPA & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
3 characteristics:
Vegetation adapted to aquatic environment
Soils with hydric characteristics
Water covering the land or soaking the soil long enough to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.[1]
This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985

15. Wetland Functions
One of the most productive Ecosystems in the world. Ex. fisheries and rice farming
Support a great diversity of species, many of which are unique and rare.
Flood and Erosion Control :stabilizes shorelines and protection from storms.
Groundwater replenishment
Sediment deposition prevention
Certain ones are attractive help tourism.
Ex. Everglades.

16. Wetland Examples Mangrove Swamp Salt Marshes Bottomland Hardwood Swamp
Estuaries
Fresh Water Marshes
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.[1]
This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985

17. Aquatic Biomes Fresh Water (low [salt] less than 1%)
Wetlands, Streams, Rivers, Ponds, Lakes
Salt Water (high [salt])
Oceans, Reefs , Estuaries

19. Major Zones
Photic Zone- area that light hits, higher amounts of photosynthesis
Aphotic Zone– little light passes through, lower amounts of autotrophic life
~ Fresh Water Zones ~
Littoral Zone- topmost zone (near shore of lake/pond) Warmest area and diverse in life
Limnetic Zone– open water area, top part well lit
Profundal Zone– deeper area where organisms from the upper zones die and fall to

20. Salt Water Zones
Intertidal Zone–waves encounter land (shore line or rocky coast)
Pelagic Zone– Open ocean, area farther form shore. No general temp because of the mixing of currents.
Benthic Zone– below Pelagic Zone but not deep ocean. Temperature decreases as depth increases
Abyssal Zone– Deep Ocean, water is very cold (~3° C), highly pressured, high in oxygen content but low in nutritional content

21. Climatograms Review

22. Succession Introduction

23. Ecological Succession
The composition of a community changes over time, even without human activity
Ecological succession is a predictable change in the sequence of species that establish in a particular area over time
occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil, such as abandoned parking lots, newly exposed rock left behind after a glacial retreat, or newly cooled lava.

24. Primary Succession

25. Primary succession
Succession that occurs on surface is where no soil exists
(Ex. after a volcanic eruption or when glaciers melt and rock becomes exposed.)
Grass (Hawaii)

26. The first species to populate the area
Pioneer species:
The first species to populate the area
Primary-occurs on the surface is formed as volcanic eruptions build new islands or cover the land with lava rock or volcanic ash.
Secondary – Can occur due to natural events, such as fires, or by human activities such as farming. Occurs after wildfires burning of woodlands and when land cleared for farming is abandoned.

27. Primary Succession
As pioneer species (algae, lichens, mosses) grow, they excrete acids which allow them to take up nutrients from the rocks.
When they die, they become organic matter that mixes with the minerals eroded from the rock to create new soil.
Over time, a hospitable environment for plants with deep roots will develop.
Grasses and wildflowers are mid-successional plants.
The type of community that eventually develops is determined by the temperature and rainfall of the region.

28. Secondary Succession

29. Secondary succession
Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
(Ex. after wildfires burn woodlands, or when farming land is abandoned, or after a hurricane.)

30. Secondary succession
Begins with rapid colonization by plants that can easily disperse to the disturbed area (grasses & wildflowers)
Species are eventually replaced by species that are better competitors for sunlight, water and soil nutrients
In regions that receive sufficient rainfall, trees replace grasses and flowers.

31. Climax Communities (Forests)
Succession ‘ends’ with a climax stage or climax community,
succession slows down and a stable community is established
Because natural disturbances such as fire, wind and outbreaks of insect herbivores are a regular part of most communities, a late-successional stage is typically not final because at any moment it can be reset to an earlier stage.

32. Aquatic Succession

33. Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism – When both species benefit form the relationship.

34. Commensalism – Where one species benefits and the other is neither benfits or is harmed.

35. Where one is harmed and the other benefits.
Parasitism -
Where one is harmed and the other benefits.
Obligate-
Where both species need each other for survival.

36. Behaviors
Batesian Mimicry: When one species looks like another more dangerous specie.

37. Mullerian Mimicry: When both species look like each other and both are dangerous.

38. Lesson 4: So can you…?
I can explain the defining characteristics of the various biomes
I can interpret a climatogram
I can describe the terms related to aquatic biomes
I can explain wetlands characteristics and importance
I can explain what succession is and the difference between primary and secondary succession