1. LAB: Classifying Protists 1.Set up your microscope. 2.Observe three different protist specimens (one at a time.) 3. Use the data chart on the back. 4. For each protist: - write the name of the protist. -draw one large protist & label at least three parts. -describe the protist (bullet points are OK). -identify the group this protist belongs to. NAME:_______________________PERIOD:____DATE:_________

2. PROTIST CLASSIFICATION CHART NAME LABELED DRAWING DESCRIP- TION GROUP NAME:_______________________PERIOD:____DATE:_____

3. DO NOW: Compare and contrast Bacteria and Protists

4. Unicellular Asexual Reproduction Conjugation Smaller Larger Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Simple Complex Fission Mitosis & Cell Div.

5. PROTISTS

6. Aim – Protists Warm up – take out your lab and algae article. Write down your homework

7. EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA KINGDOM PROTISTA KINGDOM PLANTAE KINGDOM ANIMALIA KINGDOM FUNGI EVOLUTION OF THE KINGDOMS OF LIFE PLANT- LIKE ANIMAL- LIKE FUNGUS- LIKE LEAST COMPLEX MOST COMPLEX 3.5 - 4 billion years ago

8. Aim – To understand the impact of protists on our world. Warm Up – According to your text (page 220) what was the cause of the famine? Where do potatoes come from? Great Famine an Gorta Mór During the famine approximately 1 million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%.

10. Solanum tuberosum

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTISTS 1. Unicellular or Simple Colonies 2. Have a nucleus and complex organelles DIFFERENT FROM BACTERIA: 3. Larger 4. More complex cell structures 5. Grouped by the way they get their food.

13. PLANT- LIKE AUTOTROPHIC ANIMAL - LIKE CONSUMERS KINGDOM PROTISTA UNICELLULAR OR SIMPLE COLONIES WITH A NUCLEUS AND COMPLEX ORGANELLES FUNGUS- LIKE ABSORBERS SARCODINES SPOROZOANS CILIATES ZOOFLAGELLATES EUGLENASDIATOMS DINO- FLAGELLATES SLIME MOLDS ALGAE HETEROTROPHIC WATER MOLDS DOWNY MILDEWS Prodcuer

14. UNICELLULAR PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS EUGLENASDIATOMS DINOFLAGELLATES -have chloroplasts, but can also consume food -reddish eyespot -pellicle -two flagella -two-part glassy shell -intricate patterns -used in polishes and reflective paints -armor-like cell wall -two flagella cause it to spin while moving -produce toxins -large numbers cause red tides ALL HAVE CHLOROPLASTS

15. EUGLENA

16. DIATOMS

18. When diatoms die and fall to the bottom of the sea floor or a lake bed, they can get mixed in with clays and organic matter. If this sediment is then exposed it forms a white silica rich mineral - this is diatomite 1. Diatomite can be used for lots of things! Swimming pool and drinking fountain filters contain it, as well as nail polish and car paint. It can also be used for cat litter and toxic spills. Diatomite is also used within buildings as a sound proofing material as well as insulation 1. Lots of diatomite is referred to as diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous earth is used as a pest repellent. This is because it absorbs the water-protective fats and oils from the outermost layer of insects. So essentially all the water is 'sucked out' of the insect. As diatoms are made from silica this makes diatomaceous earth very abrasive, and so the sharpness enhances the particles as a pesticide 2. Diatoms are also useful in forensic studies. If a person has drowned then diatoms are able to enter the human body. If a victim has breathed in water, diatoms can enter their blood stream, bone marrow, brain, lungs and kidneys. If diatoms are found in bone marrow, it is a good indicator that the victim was alive when they entered the water 1,3. The similarity of the diatoms present in the water that the body is found in and the diatoms present in the body can help to discover whether the body was moved. Diatoms and diatomaceous sediments on clothes and materials found at sites can also aid forensic investigations 3. Diatom glass covers are quite effective at capturing sunlight. So engineers have been using them to increase solar energy cell efficiency by nearly 50% (in comparison to other solar cells) 1. I think we can safely conclude that diatoms are tiny...but mighty!

20. Bacteria and protists!

21. DINOFLAGELLATES

22. SEVERAL TYPES OF ALGAE ARE CLASSIFIED AS PROTISTS BECAUSE THEY ARE SIMPLE COLONIES OF CELLS:

23. RED ALGAE RHODOPHYTA CHARACTERISTICS Found in deep water marine environments. Contain accessory pigments to absorb more light in their low-light environment. Take in calcium to have a rigid structure. Many types are edible and are used in foods. Added to soil as a fertilizer. Used to make nutrient agar to grow bacteria for medical research.

24. Coralline Red Algae

25. these algae deposit calcium carbonate (limestone) in most of their cell walls, red corallines have the appearance and rough texture of coral.

26. BROWN ALGAE PHAE0PHYTA CHARACTERISTICS Found in marine (salt water) environments (deep water and intertidal zones). have air bladders to float on surface. (WHY?) largest and most complex algae group. most species are edible. contain thickening agents that are used commercially in ice cream, salad dressings, cosmetics and other products.

27. A BROWN ALGAE - Showing Air Bladders

28. Giant Kelp can grow over 200 feet tall.

29. Kelp Forest

30. Sea lion and soupfin sharks

31. GREEN ALGAE CHLOROPHYTA CHARACTERISTICS Most varied group of algae -- found in marine as well as fresh water. Only fresh water algae -- most species are fresh water algae. Thought to have evolved into the simple land plants. Many are edible and used commercially. Some species live symbiotically in other organisms.

32. A GREEN ALGAE

33. ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS 4 GROUPS 1. Sarcodines - change shape/have shells ex. Ameba, radiolarians,foramaniferans 2. Ciliates - hairy movers/cilia ex. Paramecium 3. Zooflagellates - tailed movers/flagella ex. Giardia, trichonymphs in termites 4. Sporozoans - can't move, parasites ex. Malaria plasmodium

34. PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF AN AMEBA

37. STRUCTURE OF A PARAMECIUM

38. EXAMPLES OF ZOOFLAGELLATES

39. ONE TYPE OF SPOROZOAN

40. 3 TYPES OF FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS (Saprophytic Absorbers) Slime Molds – Move with pseudopods. See Life Cycle Water Molds – Grow as a mass of threads –Spores have flagella Downy Mildews – Plant Parasites –May have caused the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840’s

41. Spores develop into ameba-like cells, digesting and absorbing bacteria and decaying material. Each cell develops into a huge cell that contains many nuclei (multi-nucleate). The cells settle in one place and produces fruiting bodies that contain spores. THE LIFE OF A SLIME MOLD FOOD SUPPLY RUNS OUT spores are spread by the wind, water and animals

42. SLIME MOLD w/ Fruiting Bodies

44. Water mold

46. Effects of Protists POSITIVE Cause diseases (not only for Homo sapiens) Irish Potato Famine Giardia Brain infections Parasites (malaria) NEGATIVE Food web Sediments form plants and animals Indicator species for petroleum Help termites along with bacteria Decomposers See Algae article for more

47. spores develop into ameba-like cells cells come together in a large mass acting as a single organism and produces fruiting bodies cells live independently and reproduce rapidly by fission no more food spores are spread by the wind, water and animals ANOTHER SLIME MOLD LIFE CYCLE

51. Structure of Fungi Most fungi are multicellular absorbers. The body of a fungus is usually a mass of threadlike tubes called hyphae (HI fee). The hyphae produce and secrete enzymes that help break down food outside of the fungus. Most are saprophytes, but some are parasites. (or even predators!) Also, symbiotic partners.

52. Stalk Cap Ring Gills

53. Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Fungi Spores are the reproductive structures formed by asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction occurs when the hyphae of two genetically different fungi of the same species grow close together. If the hyphae join, a reproductive structure will grow, and produce spores that can grow into genetically different fungi. Fungi are classified into three main groups based on the type of structure formed by the joining of hyphae:

54. FUNGUS GROUPS 1.Club Fungi – 2.Sac Fungi – 3.Zygote Fungi – 4.Imperfect Fungi -

55. Club Fungi Mushrooms are the best examples of club fungi. Most of the fungus grows as hyphae in the soil or on the surface of its food source. The mushroom is the reproductive structure. The spores are produced under the cap, in a club-shaped structure called a basidium.

56. MUSHROOMS

58. Sulfur Fungus The sulfur fungus is one of the largest of the edible fungi, reaching a width of several meters and a weight of several kilograms. It is also one of the most brilliantly colored of the fungi.

59. Sac Fungi Yeasts, molds, morels, and truffles are all examples of sac fungi. The spores of these fungi are produced in a little, saclike structure called an ascus. Although most fungi are many-celled, yeasts are one-celled organisms. Yeasts reproduce sexually by forming spores and reproduce asexually by budding, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism forms on the side of the parent organism.

60. YEAST

61. Zygote Fungi The fuzzy black mold that you can find on an old loaf of bread is a type of zygospore fungus. They produce spores in a round spore case called a sporangium (spuh RAN jee uhm) (plural, sporangia) on the tips of upright hyphae. Imperfect Fungi Some fungi either never reproduce sexually or never have been observed reproducing sexually. These imperfect fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores.

62. MOLD

65. A lichen (LI kun) is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. The fungus gets food made by the green alga or cyanobacterium. The green alga or cyanobacterium gets nutrients and a moist, protected place to live.

67. Importance of Lichens For many animals, like caribou and musk oxen, lichens are an important food source. Lichens also are important pioneer organisms in the process of succession. - As lichens die and decay, it mixes with bits of rock and sand to form thin soils.. Scientists also use lichens as indicator organisms to monitor pollution levels.

68. Fungi and Plants Some fungi interact with plant roots. They form a network of hyphae and roots known as mycorrhizae (mi kuh RI zee). The fungus helps the plant absorb more of certain nutrients from the soil better than the roots can on their own, while the plant supplies food and other nutrients to the fungi. This good fungus also protects the plants roots from being infected by bad fungus.

69. Mycorrhizae and Roots

70. Good News and Bad News Some species of fungi naturally produce antibiotics like penicillin which is produced by the Penicillium mold. Fungi are most important as decomposers that break down and recycle organic materials. Fungi are part of our food supply (mushrooms, yeasts, and some cheeses). Many fungi cause diseases in plants and animals that result in billions of dollars worth of damage to food crops each year. Ringworm, athlete’s foot and respiratory infections are human diseases caused by parasitic fungi.

71. Fungus and Food Cultivated mushrooms are an important food crop. Some cheeses are produced using fungi. Yeasts are used in the baking industry. -Yeasts use sugar for energy and produce alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products. The carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise.