1. 1. The New World: Spanish Colonies Before Independence
IBDP HISTORY OF THE AMERICAS

2. Spanish Colonies in the New World

3. Essential Question
Describe the political organization in Spanish American colonies.

4. Political organization :
Power flowed from the king to the Council of the Indies to viceroys to local officials.
The Catholic Church played a significant role in the administration of Spanish colonies

5. Political organization: Viceroyalties
KING OF SPAIN
Viceroyalty: Territory governed by a viceroy
Viceroy: a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.
1. Viceroyalty of New Spain- territory in North America
capital : Mexico City
2. Viceroyalty of Peru – territory in South America
capital: Lima

6. Local Political Organization: The Province
1. Ruled by Adelantado (Governor)– local official usually a conquistador
Responsible for military defense
Responsible for civil administration
Authorized by the King of Spain

7. Local Political Organization: The Province
2. The Cabildo – municipal council made up of Priest and a royal notary (magistrate)

8. Local Political Organization: The Province
3. Men that participated in the conquest were awarded land grants
100 acres, or 500 acres depending on military rank

9. Local Political Organization: The Province
Provinces under the jurisdiction of an AUDIENCIA – court of law
10 Audiencias (courts) throughout the Americas in the16th century

10. Settlement Patterns in Colonial New Spain

11. Spanish Settlement in 16th Century
Coincided with the boundaries of Aztec and Inca Empires
Early Spanish settlement concentrated in Mexico and Peru

12. The Spanish Colonial Town
Urban design of towns began with the tracing of a:
A public space in the center of town la Plaza
Around the rectangle, church, the prison, the cabildo ( government house), residence of the governor, houses of important figures

13. The Spanish Colonial Town
From the sides of the plaza, streets divided town into grid
The farther away a Spaniard lived from the center, the lower his position in society
On the outskirts of town – families of mixed heritage, free blacks (marginalization)

14. Mexico City Today

15. Antigua, Guatemala a Colonial Town Today
Colonial CITIES IN MEXICO

16. Economic Systems in Spanish Colonies
Mercantilism:
An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by:
1. Obtaining large amounts of gold & silver
2. Establishing favorable trade
Colonies exist for the economic benefit of the mother country

17. Economic Systems in Spanish Colonies
Spanish trade laws restrictive
Shipping allowed only through 3 Designated ports (Mexico, Panama, Colombia)to oversee collection of taxes
Only a small % of Raw materials and manufactured goods were shipped to Spain
Exported mostly gold and silver
Gold and silver mining was the primary economy in Spanish America

18. Regulating Commerce in the Spanish Colonies
Casa de Contratacion – supreme regulatory body for Trade. Responsible for:
Licensing ships
Organizing transatlantic fleets
Inspecting and registering cargoes
Collecting taxes
Receiving the royal quinto (1/5), of gold or silver from the Americas (for the King &Queen of Spain)

19. Encomienda system established 1512
The encomienda system was created by the Spanish to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas.
Repartimiento – land grant

20. African Slave Trade in Spanish Colonies
11, 000,000 enslaved Africans arrived alive in the Americas over the whole period of the transatlantic slave trade (from the 15th century to 1807).
Of those 11, 000,000, it is estimated that 4,000,000 were sold to Brazil, and 2,500,000 to the Spanish colonies

22. Trans –Atlantic Slave Trade

23. Black in Latin America(PBS)- Dr. Gates
To minute 14
1. Describe any aspect of the documentary clip that showed you something you hadn’t seen before, caused you to think in a new way, or helped you understand something more thoroughly than before.

25. Race and Social Hierarchy
Castas – a Portuguese and Spanish term used in the Americas in reference to all non whites but especially those who were mixed race

26. Racial Caste System – Las CASTAS
Spanish become obsessed with skin color and categorizing people
“whiteness” seen as the social ideal
Whiteness associated with being of “pure Spanish blood”

27. The Castas: Race and Social Hierarchy (at the top)
1. Peninsulares- Born in Spain/Portugal (white)
2. Criollos- Born in Americas (parents born in Spain/Portugal)

28. The Castas: Race and Social Hierarchy (at the bottom)
3. Mestizos – Spanish & Native American
4. Mulatto – Spanish & African
5. Lobo-Native American & Mulatto
6. *Every other possible combination
7. * Native Americans
Africans at the bottom

29. Caste Categories in Spain

30. Castes in Spanish Colonies
A Person’s racial designation could be changed through:
1. government service
2. Purchase of “certificates of whiteness” (only available to the affluent)

31. Casta Paintings Aquired by the LACMA IN 2011

32. Black in Latin America(PBS)- Dr. Gates
start minute 14
1. Describe any aspect of the documentary clip that showed you something you hadn’t seen before, caused you to think in a new way, or helped you understand something more thoroughly than before.

33. Discussion Question
Why did the Spanish develop intricate ways of categorizing their colonial populations?

34. TOK Discussion Question
1. What makes race a defining characteristic in some societies and not others?
2. What happens when race becomes a dominant factor in social hierarchy? Can this be changed in any way?

35. Gender & Marriage in Colonial New Spain
Until the 1540’s, only 6% of Spanish immigrants were women
Spanish men had relationships with Indigenous women
Catholic church pushed for Christian Marriage

36. Gender & Marriage in Colonial New Spain
Some indigenous women gained status because of their relationships with Spanish men

37. Gender in Colonial New Spain
Black men both slave and free (brought by the Spanish) also began relationship with Indigenous women

38. Gender in Colonial New Spain
When Spanish women finally arrived, they become the favored marriage partners

39. Gender & Marriage in Colonial New Spain
Until the mid 18th century Catholic church emphasized the freedom of individuals to marry whomever they chose
Without parental consent

40. The Royal Pragmatic, 1776
Real Pragmatica- law that sought to protect families from marriages that were socially “unequal”.
Permission from father necessary for marriage to occur
Applied in all Spanish colonies

41. Document Analysis – Court Case
Case Study: Don Manuel Valdivieso Carrion Protests the Marriage of his Daughter to Don Teodoro Jaramillo, a Person of Lower Social Standing

42. Women in Colonial New Spain
Shame the essence of femininity for Spanish
A woman’s reputation was everything!
Women expected to be submissive have few legal rights
Depended on husbands economically

43. Women in Colonial New Spain
“Honor” a quality only men can possess
Women could not possess honor, but can harm family honor or reputation
Example: adultery only a crime when committed by a woman

44. Female Rebels in Colonial New Spain
Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz - born 1648 or 1651?
Child prodigy – learned to read at 3
Refused Admission To University because she was female
Decided to enter convent in order to pursue her studies

45. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz Bio

46. Female Rebels in Colonial New Spain
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz’s
Intellectual interests = science, philosophy, literature
Had a 4,000 book library
Was eventually ostracized by church

47. Depictions of Womanhood & Expectations of Young Women in our Modern Day…
1. What does family expect of young women today?
2. What does society expect of young women today?
3. Do you feel pressure to conform to the social norm ( what is the social norm for young women in your opinion?)

48. Depictions of Womanhood & Expectations of Young Women in our Modern Day
1. What are your thoughts regarding the newly re-designed barbies?
2. What are your thoughts about the Bratz doll “make-under”?

49. Depictions of Womanhood & Expectations of Young Women in our Modern Day
Thoughts?

50. Essential Questions
Describe the aims of the Catholic church in Spanish America.
Explain the meaning of the tern religious syncretism; be specific and offer examples

51. Religion in Colonial New Spain
The conversion of Indigenous peoples to Christianity seen as a Justification for Spanish conquest.

52. Spanish Missionaries in New Spain
Franciscans
Dominicans
Augustinians
Jesuits
Goal:
to eradicate native religious beliefs and practices
Teach basic Christian principles
Baptize Native peoples

53. Spanish Missionaries
Thought of Indigenous temples, idols, art, and codices (books) as “instruments of Satan”
Churches were built on sacred Indigenous sites using Native American Labor

54. Christian Evangelization
Evangelization uneven and difficult
Christian conversion varied widely form one place to the next
Some indigenous people continued to practice their beliefs in secret after conversion

55. Christian Evangelization
As a result, Missionaries began to learn indigenous languages in an effort to gain the trust of local peoples.
Built schools

56. Religious Syncretism:
The Blending of two or more religious belief systems or
The incorporation into a religious tradition of beliefs from unrelated traditions

57. Religious Syncretism: Examples
The cult of Saints in the Catholic Tradition take the place of Indigenous gods
Pachamama (mother earth) in Inca tradition becomes the Virgin Mary
Tonantzin (mother earth) in Aztec Tradition becomes the Virgin Mary

58. Miracles and the Popular Narrative
In Mexico, the Catholic church commemorates
The Appearance of the Virgin Mary to the Indigenous Juan Diego on December 12th , 1531

59. Miracles and the Popular Narrative
Nican Mopohua (Here it is Told)
Written in Nahuatl by a Native American Antonio Valeriano
A descendent of Aztec nobility
Educated by Spanish Priests

60. Miracles and the Popular Narrative
Nican Mopohua (Here it is Told)
Written in the middle 1545
published in the 17th century

61. When Worlds Collide- PBS
START 29:00 TO 46:35
START 1:17:26 TO END

62. 2. The New World: British Colonies Before Independence

63. England in the New World
Queen Elizabeth I encouraged overseas exploration
Sir Walter Raleigh organized expedition
1585 landed in Roanoke Island (North Carolina)
Colony failed after 1 year

64. Roanoke, 1587 (2nd Attempt) 110-117 colonists arrived in Roanoke
Sir Walter Raleigh LEFT colonists, & went back to England
Was supposed to return with supplies 3 months later
War in1588 delayed the supply ship from arriving in Roanoke

65. War Between England & Spain
1588 Spanish Armada invaded the English Channel
Queen Elizabeth I’s Navy defeated the Spanish
Turning Point! England perceived as World Power

66. What About the Roanoke Colonists?
1590 supply ship returned
No sign of life…
No dead bodies…
Nothing!
Except the word
“CROATOAN”
Carved in a tree…
“the lost colony”

67. Roanoke – The Lost Colony

68. Roanoke: In Search of the Lost Colony

69. Queen Elizabeth I – Died 1603
King James I became King of England
Charter of 1606
King granted charter (permission) to the Virginia Company
To settle in the new world

70. Joint Stock Companies Joint Stock Company – a business partnership.
Allowed investors to invest money
Investors share profits, losses

71. The Virginia Company of London
3 Ships: Susan Constant, Godspeed, Discovery
150 passengers & Crew Members
Arrived in Chesapeake Bay (Virginia ), 1607

72. JAMESTOWN Colony, 1607 Problems:
Settlement built near Marshy (James) River!
Contaminated Water!
Mosquitoes! Led to Diseases!
Colonists Planted no crops!

73. “101 Gentlemen Adventurers”
Colonists did not know how to:
Farm
Hunt
Build shelter
Get along w/ Native Americans

74. Captain John Smith Took charge of Jamestown colony in 1607/1608
Built shelters
Planted crops -“He who shall not work shall not eat!”
Dug wells
Negotiated local Powhatan tribe

75. “Starving Time,” Winter 1609-1610
John Smith went back to England due to accident
Jamestown fell apart without his leadership
Crops died!
English invaded Native Americans!
Starved! Ate roots, rats, snakes
Used shelter for fire wood!

76. Time – cannibalism at Jamestown: Listening to bones, 2013

77. The Myth vs. the Historical Truth
Who is Pocahontas?
The Myth vs. the Historical Truth

78. Powhatan Confederacy Made up of 30 tribes
Inhabited modern day Virginia & Maryland
Pocahontas was the daughter of Chief

79. Pocahontas According to Disney

80. The Real Pocahontas real name - Matoaka
“Pocahontas” nickname (“Mischievous”)
Daughter of Powhatan Chief

81. Reality…
DISNEY LIED!

82. John Smith’s General History, 1624
“…two great stones were brought before Powhatan: then as many as could lay hands on him (John Smith), dragged him(John Smith) to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beate out his braines, Pocahontas the Kings dearest daughter, when no intreaty could prevaile, got his head in her armes, and laid her owne upon his to save him from death: whereat the Emperour [Powhatan] was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper . . .”

83. John Smith “Myth” Did Pocahontas “save” John Smith?
Incident possibly an initiation ritual
She was (?)
There was NO romantic relationship!!

84. What Did John Smith Look Like?

85. The Abduction of Pocahontas
Pocahontas was kidnapped by the English colonists in 1613.
Forced to marry John Rolfe 1614
“For the good of the plantation”
Marriage initiated Peace Settlement between Powhatan People and English Colonists

86. The Abduction of Pocahontas- Virginia Historical Society

87. Pocahontas Becomes “Rebecca”
Marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe = ‘s 8 yr Truce between English Colonists & Powhatan tribe
Converted to Christianity and renamed Rebecca
Had child named Thomas in 1615

88. Pocahontas Becomes “Rebecca”
Lady “Rebecca” taken to London 1616

89. Death of Pocahontas Died @ 20-22 years old buried In Gravesend England
“’tis enough that the child liveth”

90. About Thomas Rolfe… Father left him in England after Pocahontas’ death
Returned to Virginia at age 20 (1635)
Became a Lieutenant in English Military
Married and had 1 daughter, Jane.

91. Death of Pocahontas – Virginia Historical Society

92. Pocahontas and Her Son, Thomas Rolfe, 1800 artist: Margaret Rebecca Armstrong

93. What did Pocahontas Look Like?
1616 engraving
1700’s version 

94. Artist: Mary Allen Howe’s Interpretation (1994)

95. Tobacco Saved Jamestown Colony…
1612 John Rolfe planted tobacco
Profitable crop
Colony became financially dependent on tobacco

96. What Did John Rolfe Look Like?

97. Document Analysis; Sending Women to Virginia, 1622
1. What advantages does the Virginia Company see in the promotion of family life in the colony?
2. Why does the company prefer that women marry landowning men rather than servants?

98. The Plantation (Southern) Colonies
1. Chesapeake colonies :
Virginia (Jamestown 1607),
Maryland, 1634
2. Southern colonies
North Carolina, 1712
South Carolina, 1670
Georgia, 1733

99. Indentured Servants Head right System:
50 acres for anyone who paid workers to come to Jamestown
Employer paid passage
Indentured Servant = bound to employer for 6-7 years
to pay off passage
Free at end of contract

100. Indentured Servant Contract

101. Document Analysis - Complaint of an Indentured Servant, 1756
1. What are Elizabeth’s main complaints about her treatment?
2. Do you think Elizabeth chose to become an indentured servant? Find evidence in the text.

102. Virginia & Maryland Colonies
Tobacco plantation economies developed
: 110,000 English immigrants arrived
80% male indentured servants

103. Servitude to Slavery in Virginia & Maryland
When white indentured servants became unavailable,
The African Slave population increased
Tripled between
By 1700, African slaves = 22% of population in Chesapeake

104. Maryland, 1634 “Proprietary Colony” Owned by an individual
Founded by : Lord Baltimore aka George Calvert ,
Plantation economy (tobacco)
Catholic colony

105. Document Analysis: Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644
1. Members from which religious groups would be excluded from toleration under Maryland law?
2. What does the law refer to as the major reasons for instituting religious toleration?

106. Maryland, 1634
Important Document: “Act for Religious Toleration”, 1649
1. Religious tolerance for all Christians
2. Did not separate Church from State
Significance: freedom of religion

107. Critical Thinking Activity ; Tolerance
1. What is the definition of the word “Tolerance”?
2. How is the word “tolerance” used in history?
3. Is this word problematic? Yes? No? why or why not?

108. SOUTHERN COLONIES: North and South Carolina
The Carolinas: South 1670, North broke away in 1712
Originally founded to trade w/ West Indies
Rice became cash crop
Rice “exotic” to English, very profitable

109. SOUTHERN COLONIES: North & South Carolina
West African slaves were brought in to cultivate rice fields
Demand for plantation workers = demand in slaves
By 1720, African slaves Made up 70% of population in South Carolina

110. SOUTHERN COLONIES: Georgia
James Oglethorpe, Founder, 1733
“debtor colony”
To give English poor a new start
Buffer state between:
Spanish Florida & English Carolinas

112. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1. Plymouth, Massachusetts 1620
2. Massachusetts Bay colony, 1630
3. Rhode Island, 1636
4. Connecticut, 1636
5. New Hampshire , 1630
6. Maine 1630

113. NEW ENGLAND COLONIES Founded by Christian Church groups/families
Hardworking people
Established towns
Self governing; Town hall meetings
Diversified economy instead of Plantation single crop economy

114. Who Exactly Are The Puritans?
Puritans: English Protestants who sought to “purify” the Church of England from traces of Catholicism . ( ref: Henry VIII, 1500’s)
“Separatist Puritans” wanted to “Separate” from Church of England.
These Separatists later called “Pilgrims”.

115. Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)
Led by William Bradford
Puritans
Fewer than half were separatist ”Pilgrims”
Sought Religious freedom

116. Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)
102, men, women, children traveled on the Mayflower ship
Mayflower Compact- agreement how to govern
Established Majority rule
Adult Males made laws, conducted open town hall meetings

117. What is the Purpose of Government?
Puritans – “the purpose of government is to enforce God’s laws”

118. The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth Rock, 1621
There are only 2 primary sources that describe the event.
1. Edward Winslow’s Account
2. William Bradford’s Account

119. First “Thanksgiving,” According to Edward Winslow,1621
"our harvest being gotten in, our governor sent four men on fowling, that so we might after a special manner rejoice together, after we had gathered the fruits of our labors; they four in one day killed as much fowl, as with a little help beside, served the Company almost a week, at which time amongst other Recreations, we exercised our Arms, many of the Indians coming amongst us, and amongst the rest their greatest king Massasoit, with some ninety men, whom for three days we entertained and feasted, and they went out and killed five Deer, which they brought to the Plantation and bestowed on our Governor, and upon the Captain and others. And although it be not always so plentiful, as it was at this time with us, yet by the goodness of God, we are so far from want, that we often wish you partakers of our plenty."

120. First “Thanksgiving,” According to William Bradford, 1621
"They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, of which this place did abound when they came first (but afterward decreased by degrees). And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides, they had about a peck of meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to that proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned but true reports."

121. Visual Representations: What’s Wrong With This Thanksgiving Picture?

122. Visual Representations: What’s Wrong With This Thanksgiving Picture?

123. Thanksgiving Tradition?
Modern day Holiday dates back to 1863 !! (or does it??)
Abraham Lincoln started tradition during (Civil War)

124. Other “First” Thanksgiving Feasts
1541- Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Leads men in thanksgiving celebration in Texas
1610- Jamestown, Virginia
colonists have thanksgiving prayer service

125. Thanksgiving In the Native American Tradition
– From History Channel
- from 500 Nations

126. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630
Led by John Winthrop
Religious freedom for Puritans
“Self Governing” colony
a religious experiment in the new world.
“We shall build a city upon a hill”

127. Document Analysis: John Winthrop, Speech to the Massachusetts General Court, 1645
1. According to Winthrop, what is the difference between “natural liberty” and “moral liberty”?
2. Why does Winthrop use an analogy to the status of women within the family to explain his understanding of liberty?
3. Why does Winthrop consider natural liberty dangerous?

128. Puritanism; How the States Got Their Shapes

129. Puritan Beliefs 1. Bible is God’s Law 2. Doctrine of Predestination
3. Devil is behind every evil deed
4. Reading the Bible is essential
5. Religious education is necessary
6. Women are inferior beings

130. Puritan Society Very strict Christian society!
Social Surveillance- neighbors kept a “watchful eye” on community members
Disobedient children placed in “God fearing homes”

131. Puritan Society Public Shaming used as a form of punishment
Pillory or Stocks

132. Religious Dissention Mass. Bay Colony
1. Anne Hutchinson
BELIEVED IN Antinomianism – Puritans are exempt from obligations of moral law
“anti” (against) “nomos” (laws)
A rebel!!!

133. Religious Dissention Mass. Bay Colony
1. Anne Hutchinson
Held prayer meetings to discuss sermons (no-no for women !)
Accused of heresy, sent to trial
Banished from colony, 1638

134. Document Analysis: The Trial of Anne Hutchinson, 1637 (excerpt)
1. What seems to be the major charges against Anne Hutchinson?
2. What does the Hutchinson case tell us about how Puritan authorities understand the idea of religious freedom?

135. Anne Hutchinson

136. Religious Dissention Mass. Bay Colony
2. Roger Williams:
Minister from Salem
Claimed colony took land from Native Americans w/o fair compensation
Believed in separation of church & state
Banished in 1635
Established Rhode Island Colony in 1636

137. Document Analysis; Roger Williams, Letter to the Town of Providence, 1655
1. In what ways does Williams place limits on liberty?
2. what are the strengths and weaknesses of William’s analogy between civil society and a group of people aboard a ship?

138. Harvard University , 1636
Was Established In order to educate ministers
And discourage youth from religious dissention!

139. “Great Migration”, 1630’s
15,000 English immigrants moved to New England
Sought better opportunities
Some Immigrants Escaped:
1. Religious persecution
2. Bad economy
3. English Political turmoil

140. MIDDLE COLONIES
1.New Amsterdam 1613 (Dutch colony), then New York, 1664 (English)
2. Pennsylvania, 1681
3. New Jersey, 1664
4. Delaware, 1638

141. The Middle Colonies More diverse : Politically, socially, economically
Mixture of religions: Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews
Fertile soil:
Grains: Wheat, oats, barley
“the bread colonies”

142. New Amsterdam, 1624
Dutch colony established by Dutch West India Company
Encompassed modern day New York City, Manhattan Island, long island
Profitable trade port
Busy and socially diverse

143. New Amsterdam, 1624
Dutch Perspective: They thought they Purchased Manhattan island from Manhattan Tribe
Native American perspective: Dutch given permission to settle in land in exchange for goods

144. New Amsterdam Becomes New York, 1664
1664 Dutch surrendered territory to the British Duke of York
New Amsterdam became New York

145. Pennsylvania, 1681 Established by: William Penn -“Penn’s Woods”
Colony seen as a “Holy Experiment”-A Promised land For Quakers
AKA Society of Friends
Refused : military service, to pay taxes , to swear oaths
Men and women seen as equals
Laws based on religious freedom and equality
Attracted many settlers

146. Document Analysis: William Penn, Pennsylvania Charter of Privileges and Liberties
1. What are Penn’s arguments in favor of religious liberty?
2. Why does the document refer to “the rights of the free-born subjects of England?”

147. Document Analysis: Letter by an Immigrant to Pennsylvania, 1769
1. What does Johannes Hanner seem to mean when he calls America a “free country”?
2. How does it appear that people in Europe learn

148. 13 “Original” Colonies Chesapeake: 1.Jamestown 1607 (Virginia)
2. Maryland 1634
Southern Colonies:
3. North Carolina 1712
4. South Carolina 1670
5. Georgia 1733
New England:
6. Massachusetts 1620
( Plymouth, Mass. Bay)
7. Rhode Island 1636
8. Connecticut 1635
9. New Hampshire 1623
Middle Colonies:
10. New York 1664
11. Delaware 1638
12. New Jersey 1664
13. Pennsylvania 1682

149. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
Mercantilism:
An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by:
1. Obtaining large amounts of gold & silver
2. Establishing favorable trade
Colonies exist for the economic benefit of the mother country

150. Mercantilism

151. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
British Regulatory Trade laws:
Navigation Acts ( ) –
1. Trade within the colonies only through British ships
2. Sugar, Tobacco, & Indigo to be traded within British empire
3. International trade -goods must first be shipped to Britain

152. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
Spanish trade laws equally restrictive
Designated monopoly ports to oversee collection of taxes
Raw materials and manufactured goods shipped to Spain small percentage
Exported mostly gold and silver

153. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
Spanish Immigrants mostly young, single, males instead of family units
Spanish empire had larger indigenous populations
More interracial relationships/in Spanish colonies

154. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
Race and Social Hierarchy more complex in Spanish colonies
1. Penninsulares – born in Spain
2. Criollos (Creoles) – Spanish Parents born in New World ( denied certain positions and privileges)
3. Castas – mixed ( mestizos, mulattos, etc.)
4. Native Americans and African Slaves

155. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
In British colonies, social hierarchy based on race absent
African Americans at the bottom of social pyramid
Native Americans not considered a part of society seen as “outsiders”

156. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
Spanish colonies dominated by Roman Catholic church
Church strengthened imperial control via the evangelization of Indigenous peoples
Established schools, served as bank

157. The Spanish and English Colonies: A Comparison
13 British colonies mostly Protestant (various groups)
Plurality of faith
New England colonies: Puritans
Middle Colonies: mixture of Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews
Southern Colonies: mixture including Baptists and Anglicans
The role of religion varied from colony to colony