1. Sixties and Seventies Culture http://www.peacebuttons.com/peace-symbol-sticker-big.gif

2. Student Movement and Counterculture The 1960s was a tumultuous decade. It gave rise to a huge youth movement. It challenged traditions. It was an age of protests. Many fought for social causes like civil rights and constitutional freedoms. More youth were going to college. The picture shows students taking over an administration building at Columbia University. http://www.hippy.com/columbia1.jpg

3. Free Speech Movement This was led by Mario Savio and others at the University of California at Berkeley. The university had restricted students’ rights to distribute literature and recruit volunteers. The protests peaked in December 1964. The Supreme Court supported the students’ first amendment rights to freedom of speech and assembly.

4. Counterculture- against the grain or mainstream of society This group was called “Hippies.” It held a utopian ideal, emphasizing freedom, closeness to nature, love, cooperation, and tolerance. They went against mainstream society, even in appearance, with long hear, headbands, drug use, etc… Drug use became very popular during this era- particularly LSD and marijuana.

5. Popular Image of Hippies http://lipsheim.org/forum/agora/getfile.p hp3/lipsheimorg_schizoforum/225/cultu re-hippies.jpg http://www.urbanology.org/E NY/firegif/hippies.jpg

6. Counterculture They were often against war- particularly the one in Vietnam. Many embraced new types of spirituality. The Unification Church and the Hare Krishna movement gained many followers. The Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco was a particularly popular destination for hippies in the 1960s.

7. Counterculture The hippie culture deteriorated after a few years. Their locales became dangerous, seedy places. Many were laden with drug use. It left a lasting impression on American society however. Fashion changed with more colors and more comfortable. Military clothing, patches, etc… became very popular. Long hair became more accepted.

8. Counterculture Art was also affected- pop art was very popular and derived its subject matter from popular culture. Andy Warhol used images of famous people to paint. http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/images/zoebrigley/2005/03/05/marily n_by_andy_warhol.jpg

9. Counterculture It also affected music and dance. Rock music was absorbed into the mainstream and brought in much money. The Beatles took the U.S. by storm in 1964 and were from Britain. Bob Dylan, Jimi Hendrix, and Janis Joplin were also very popular counterculture entertainers. Festivals such as Woodstock, in NY in 1969, took place where hundreds of thousands of people gathered at concerts. Dance changed to fit the music.

10. Musicians of the 1960s-1970s http://www.eszlinger.com/beatles/beatles%20ima ges/beatles%20images/Beatles%20- %20With%20The%20Beatles.jpg http://www.gindrat. ch/janis/janis- joplin-woodstock- 661x750.jpg http://en.wikipedi a.org/wiki/Jimi_H endrix http://www.ahoy.nl/agendaim ages/bob_dylan.jpg

11. Feminist Movement- 1960s-1970s Many women were dissatisfied with their roles and wanted an equal status with men. Feminism is the belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially. Many wanted women to remain in the home. They received less pay than men when they worked. The Civil Rights and Anti-War Movements gave them a better idea of their inequality.

12. The Women’s Movement http://www.vfa.us/1970march.jpg http://www.culturebuster.com/images/womens_lib_movement.jpg

13. Feminist Movement- 1960s-1970s They fought for legislation to be passed. Kennedy passed the President’s Commission on the Status of Women which lobbied for women’s rights. In 1963, the Equal Pay Act outlawed paying men more than women for the same job. Many women protested their position. Women were also included in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Title VII of the act outlawed job discrimination by private employers on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, and gender.

14. Feminist Movement- 1960s-1970s Many date the women’s movement by the publication of Betty Freidan’s The Feminine Mystique in 1963. This discussed the issue of women’s lack of equality with men. Friedan and others set out to form NOW- the National Organization for Women. It pushed for equality of the sexes and denounced the exclusion of women from different areas and professions.

15. Betty Friedan http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols2/betty.friedan.JPG

16. Feminist Movement- 1960s-1970s The Feminist movement lobbied to repeal laws against abortion, fought to enforce the Civil Rights Act, and worked for legislation against gender discrimination in employment, housing, and education. They strove for equality in education and pushed Congress to pass the Educational Amendments, including Title IX, which prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against girls in basically all aspects of operations.

17. Feminist Movement- 1960s-1970s In 1973, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Feminist Movement in the case, Roe v. Wade. This said that state governments could not regulate abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. During the second three months, abortion could be regulated on the basis of the health of the mother. States could ban abortion in the final three months, except in the case of medical emergencies. This was a huge debate, as was birth control.

18. Feminist Movement- 1960s-1970s The Women’s Movement changed the lives of American women. It also changed education systems, labor and the work force, and general attitudes.

19. Civil Rights In the 1960s and 1970s, African Americans, women, Hispanic Americans, and Native Americans all fought to improve their status in society. Although legislation had been passed to end segregation, many African Americans saw few changes in their lives- attitudes had to change. They were not given opportunities- such as good jobs and scholarships. Civil rights leaders began to look at affirmative action, which called for companies and institutions doing business with the federal government to actively recruit African American employees.

20. Civil Rights Many opposed affirmative action- calling it “reverse discrimination.” The government took extra steps to ensure desegregation, particularly in schools. It resorted to a policy known as busing, transporting children to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve greater racial balance. The Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1971 in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.

21. Civil Rights Many whites responded by taking their children out of public schools- this was called the “white flight.” Jesse Jackson was a major African American leader of the time. Hispanic Americans also worked for greater rights. The largest group was Mexican Americans, but many came from south and central America as well.

22. Civil Rights Hispanics often faced prejudice. Most were farm workers. In the early 1960s, Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta organized groups to fight for the rights of farm workers. The merged into the United Farm Workers (UFW). The Hispanic American population had risen constantly since the 1960s.

23. Cesar Chavez http://www.americaslibrary.gov/assets/aa/chavez/aa_chavez_subj_e.jpg He had been a migrant farmer and pushed for their rights. He would inspire many Hispanic Americans to stand up for their rights.

24. Civil Rights Native Americans also fought for equality. They represented one of the least represented and poorest groups in the U.S. They had only gained citizenship in 1924. Unemployment and poverty plagued them. Many Native Americans, unlike other minorities, wanted greater independence from mainstream society. Some groups were peaceful, but others like the American Indian Movement were more militant.

25. Civil Rights In 1975, the government passed the Indian Self- Determination and Educational Assistance Act. This increased funding to Native Americans. Many won land and water rights as well. Reservations began to improve and develop new means to thrive economically. They used electric plants, resorts, cattle ranches, oil and gas wells, as well as gambling casinos.

26. Saving the Earth People began to pay more attention to the use of resources and the state of the environment at this time. The Environmental Movement took shape in the 1960s and 1970s. People began to notice the effects of their highly industrialized society. One major product was a book by Rachel Carson, Silent Spring in 1962. This assailed the use of pesticides- particularly DDT (outlawed in 1972) and said that Americans may soon face a silent spring, in which there would be too few birds to usher in spring with their songs.

27. Rachel Carson http://www.nwhp.org/tlp/biographies/carson/images/carson.jpg

28. Environmentalism Smog was increasing- a fog made heavier by smoke and chemical fumes- particularly in cities. Pollution and garbage had killed much water life. Species were becoming threatened. Timber companies were cutting down acres of forestland. Each region of the nation was facing environmental problems.

29. Environmentalism In April 1970, the first Earth Day was celebrated and focused on addressing environmental concerns. Many citizens form environmental groups, and many major nonprofit organizations such as the Sierra Club, the Audubon Society, and the Wilderness Society gained more prominence. The government had to step in.

30. Environmentalism In 1970, Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, which created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to settle and enforce pollution standards, promote research, and coordinate anti-pollution activities. The Clean Air Act was passed in 1970 to establish emissions standards for factories and automobiles. In 1972, the Clean Water Act was passed to restrict the discharge of pollutants into lakes and rivers. The Endangered Species Act of 1973 established measures to save threatened animal species.

31. Environmentalism Despite efforts, the nation continued to become more and more industrialized. New ideas such as solar and nuclear energy were supported and opposed as alternatives to dirtier and more expensive fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. On March 28, 1979, one of the reactors at the Three Mile Island nuclear facility outside of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, overheated. Officials evacuated many nearby residents as they scrambled to stop radiation from escaping.

32. Three Mile Island The reactor was closed down, but it had a powerful impact and left the public in great doubt about the safety of nuclear energy. No new nuclear facilities have been built in the U.S. since 1973- many have been closed. http://www.epa.gov/history/images/1980b.jpg

33. Consumerism During the 1960s and 1970s, new products flooded the market. Also, more people were concerned with product safety. Regulations became tighter, particularly on automobiles. In 1966, the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act was passed to set mandatory safety standards and a procedure to notify consumers about defects in cars.

34. Conservative Response Many opposed the new movements Many felt the country was deteriorating morally and needed to change This increased distance and resentment between the opposing sides

35. Popular Culture Popular Music: –Beatles –Beach Boys –Bob Dylan –Mamas and Papas –Jimi Hendrix –Janice Joplin –Marvin Gaye –Dolly Parton –John Denver –The Supremes –The Temptations –Outlaw country- Merle Haggard, Kris Kristofferson, Waylon Jennings Popular Television: –Green Acres –The Dick Van Dyke Show –The Beverly Hillbillies –The Addams Family –Laugh-In –Bonanza –All in the Family –Sesame Street –The Mary Tyler Moore Show –Sports Events