1. The Progressive Program I am, therefore, a Progressive because we have not kept up with our own changes of conditions, either in the economic field or in the political field. We have not kept up as well as other nations have. We have not adjusted our practices to the facts of the case… -Woodrow Wilson, campaign speech, 1912

2. Main Ideas The origins of Progressivism Attitudes and motives of Progressivism The Progressives’ Philosophy The Muckrakers African Americans and Women in the Progressive Era

3. Progressivism By the turn of the 20 th century, a reform movement had developed that included a wide range of groups and individuals with a common desire to improve life in the industrial age Their ideas and work became known as progressivism and they sought to (1)limit power of big business (2)improve democracy (3)strengthen social justice Social reformers such as Jane Addams and Ellen Starr started some of the first "school like" environments. Child labor would have to end in order to increase education in pre- school and elementary programs

4. Origins of Progressivism The Progressive movement had its roots in the Granger movement of the 1870s and the Populist movement of the 1890s Middle-class Americans, adjusting to these changing times and reformists impulses, gave this era a name- The Progressive Era This era lasted through the Republican presidencies of Roosevelt (1901-1909) and William Howard Taft (1909-1913), and the first term of the Democrat, Woodrow Wilson (1913-1917) U.S. entry into World War I signaled the end to this era as the war diverted public attention away from domestic issues Theodore Roosevelt (1858- 1919) was a leader in the Progressive Era.

5. Attitudes and Motives The American nation was changing rapidly, and for decades, middle- class Americans were alarmed by: (1)rising power of big business (2)increasing gap between rich and poor (3)violent conflict between labor and management (4)the dominance of corrupt political machines (5)treatment of minorities in the South (Jim Crow) (6)the lack of political reform and democracy (women’s suffrage) The rise of big business and industrialization led to the perceived notion that change was needed at all level of government

6. Attitudes and Motives continued… The groups participating in the Progressive movement were extremely diverse and included: (1)Protestant church leaders (2)African Americans (3)union leaders (4)feminists These groups (The Progressives) believed that changes in society were badly needed and that government was the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills Margaret Sanger was a leading feminist who believed that birth control was “empowering” for women.

7. Who Were the Progressives? Citizens active in the Progressive movement were chiefly middle-class residents of the U.S. In addition to doctors, lawyers, ministers, and storekeepers (heart of the middle-class late 19 th century), there were now thousands of white-collar office workers, middle managers in manufacturing and banking, and other businesses These middle-class Americans took their civic responsibility seriously and were disturbed by unrest among the poor, excesses of the rich, corruption in government, and a decline in morality

8. Who Were the Progressives? The missionary spirit inspired certain aspects of middle-class progressivism (1)Protestant churches preached against vice and taught a code of social responsibility (2)The Social Gospel was particularly important and directed the belief to care for the poor and insisting on honesty in public life (solution to urban problems) Strong leadership to guide diverse groups of reformers was vital to overcome conservative’s resistance to change (1) T. Roosevelt and Robert La Follette (Republicans) and William J. Bryan and Woodrow Wilson (Democrats) demonstrated political leadership The Progressive Era was a time of trial and error- some things worked and others did not.

9. The Progressives’ Philosophy The Progressives were dedicated to democratic values and shared in the belief that honest government and just laws could improve the human condition A revolution in thinking occurred during the Industrial Revolution with the prevailing philosophy of romantic transcendentalism giving way to a balanced pragmatism In the 20 th century, William James and John Dewey argued that the “good” and the “true” could not be known in the abstract as fixed and changeless ideas Instead they recommended that people should take a pragmatic, or practical approach to morals, ideas, and knowledge (experiment and test ideas or possible solutions)

10. Scientific Management Another idea that gained widespread acceptance among Progressives came from the practical studies of Frederick W. Taylor Taylor discovered the following: (1)By using a stopwatch to time output of factory workers, management could organize people in the most efficient manner (scientific management system) Progressives believed that government could be more efficient if placed in the hands of experts and scientific managers Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of scientific management and was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement who’s ideas were highly influential in the Progressive Era.

11. The Muckrakers Before the public could be roused to action, it first had to be well informed about the “dirty” realities of political politics and the scandalous conditions in factories and slums Newspapers and magazine publishers found their middle-class readers loved stories about underhanded schemes in politics Writers who specialized in such stories were referred to as muckrakers by T. Roosevelt Political cartoon: “The Muckrakers”

12. Origins of the Muckrakers One of the earliest muckrakers was a Chicago reporter Henry Demarest Lloyd who wrote a series of articles for the Atlantic Monthly attacking the practices of the Standard Oil Company and the railroads He published these articles in book form in 1894, Wealth Against Commonwealth, which fully exposed the corruption and greed of the oil monopoly but failed to suggest how to control it Henry Demarest Lloyd was a 19th-century American progressive political activist and pioneer muckraking journalist. He is best remembered for his exposés of the Standard Oil Company, which were written before Ida M. Tarbell's series for McClure's Magazine.

13. Muckrakers- Magazines Magazines: -Samuel Sidney McClure, founder of McClure’s Magazine in 1893 ran series of muckraking articles by: (1)Lincoln Steffens (Tweed Days in St. Louis, 1902) (2)Ida Tarbell (The History of Standard Oil, 1902) -through a combination of research and sensationalism, these articles set the stage for muckraking -popular 10-and-15 cent magazines such as McClure’s, Collier’s, and Cosmopolitan competed to outdo each other with shocking exposes McClure's (cover, Jan, 1901) published many early muckraker articles.

14. Muckrakers-Books The most popular series of muckraking articles were usually collected and published as best-selling books and included the following: (1)Articles on tenement life by Jacob Riis (photojournalists) were published as How the Other Half Lives 1890 (2)Lincoln Steffen’s The Shame of the Cities 1904 caused a sensation by describing corruption in big- city politics Some of these muckraking books were novels such as: (1)Theodore Dreiser’s novels The Financier and The Titan portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist (2)Fictional accounts such as Frank Norris’ The Octopus (tyrannical power of railroads) and The Pit (grain speculation) Upton Sinclair wrote the novel The Jungle to portray the lives of immigrants in the United States. Many readers were most concerned with his exposure of practices in the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century, based on an investigation he did for a socialist newspaper.

15. Decline of Muckraking The popularity of muckraking books and magazines declined after 1910 for several reasons: (1)Writers found it difficult to top previous stories (2)Publishers were expanding and faced economic pressure from big businesses to “tone it down” (3)By 1910, corporations were becoming more aware of their public image and developed a new specialty field- public relations Nevertheless, muckraking had a lasting effect on the Progressive Era by exposing inequities, educating the public about corruption and prepared the way for corrective action

16. African Americans in the Progressive Era In championing greater democracy for the American people, leaders of the Progressive movement thought only in terms of the white race African Americans were for the most part ignored by Progressive presidents and governors Progressives did nothing about segregation and lynching for two reasons: (1)they shared in general prejudice of their times (2)they considered other reforms to be more important Of course African American leaders strongly disagreed and took action to combat the conditions of poverty and discrimination

17. Two Approaches: Washington and Du Bois Economic deprivation and exploitation was one problem- denial of civil rights was another Booker T. Washington and W.E. B. Du Bois focused the debate on these issues Washington’s stress on economics: (pragmatic) -In his Atlanta Exposition speech in 1895, Washington argued that blacks’ needs for education and economic progress were the most important Du Bois’ stress on civil rights: (militant) -In his book The Souls of Black Folks he argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence Booker Taliaferro Washington William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

18. Urban Migration At the close of the 19 th century, about nine out of ten African Americans lived in the South The migration began in earnest between 1910 and 1930 when close to a million people traveled to the North in search of jobs Motivating their decision to leave the South were the following: (1)Deteriorating race relations (2)Destruction of their cotton crops by the boll weevil (3)Job opportunities in the North (factory jobs) The Great Migration series by famed African American artist Jacob Lawrence, a 1941 series of 60 tempura paintings documenting the migration of African Americans from the U.S. South to the cities of the urban North.

19. Urban Migration continued… The Great Depression in the 1930s slowed migration and WWII in the 1940s renewed it Between 1940 and 1970, over 4 million African Americans went north Jacob Lawrence is among the best-known 20th-century African-American painters. Lawrence was only in his twenties when his "Migration Series" made him nationally famous. A part of this series was featured in a 1941 issue of Fortune magazine.

20. Civil Rights Organizations Increased racial discrimination during the Progressive Era was one reason that a number of civil rights organizations were founded in the first decade of the 20 th century (1)Niagara Movement: In 1905 black intellectuals discussed a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks (founded by W.E.B. Du Bois) Founders of the Niagara Movement, 1905.

21. Civil Rights Organizations continued… (2) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): In 1908, Du Bois and others from the Niagara Movement, including some progressive whites, met to discuss the abolition of all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities (3) National Urban League: In 1911 this group was formed to help those migrating from the South to northern cities and emphasized self reliance and economic advancement Niagara Movement leaders W. E. B. Du Bois (seated), and (left to right) J. R. Clifford, L. M. Hershaw, and F. H. M. Murray at Harpers Ferry.

22. Women, Suffrage, and the Progressive Movement The Progressive Era was a time of increased activism and optimism for a new generation of feminists By 1900, the older generation of suffrage crusaders led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton had passed the torch to younger women Elizabeth Cady Stanton (sitting) with Anthony

23. The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage Carrie Chapman Catt, a reformer from Iowa, became the new president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900 Catt argued for the vote as a broadening of democracy which would empower women At first, Catt continued NAWSA’s drive to win votes for women at the state level before seeking a national amendment to the U.S. Constitution Officers, National American Woman Suffrage Association, meeting with President Wilson, 1917.

24. Militant Suffragists A more militant approach to gaining the vote was adopted by some women, who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes Their leader, Alice Paul, broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form the National Woman’s Party (NWP) Paul’s focus was strictly on winning support of Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution Alice Paul

25. Nineteenth Amendment The dedicated efforts of women on the home front during WWI finally persuaded a majority in Congress and President Wilson to adopt a women’s suffrage amendment The ratification in 1920 of the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed women’s rights to vote in all local, state, and national elections Following this victory Carrie Chapman Catt organized the League of Women Voters that was dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues Carrie Chapman Catt

26. Other Issues Although gaining the vote received the most attention in the Progressive Era, women activists also campaigned for other rights Some progress was achieved such as (1)securing educational equality (2)liberalizing marriage and divorce laws (3)reducing discrimination in business and the professions (4)recognizing women’s rights to own property

27. The Progressive Era, 1901-1918 CAUSES Growth of Industry Growth Of Cities The Progressive Movement EFFECTS Political Party primaries Split in Republican party, 1912 Decline of machine politics Votes for women Social Laws protecting workers Settlement houses and social work Birth control for women Beginning of civil rights movement for African Americans Economic Conservation of land and water Regulation of business Lower tariffs Reformed banking system Federal income tax

28. Timeline 1901 -Theodore Roosevelt becomes twenty-sixth president 1902 - Newland Act passes (conservation movement) 1906 - Pure Food and Drug Law passed - Hepburn Act 1908 - William Howard Taft elected twenty-seventh president - White House Conservation Conference - Muller v. Oregon 1912 - Woodrow Wilson elected twenty-eighth president 1913 - Underwood Tariff passed, reducing tariff rates - Federal Reserve Banking Act - Sixteenth Amendment (income tax) - Seventeenth Amendment (direct election of senators) 1914 - Federal Trade Commission established - Clayton Antitrust Act - World War I begins in Europe - Panama Canal opened 1915 - Sinking of the Lusitania - Reelection of Woodrow Wilson in "He kept us out of war" campaign 1916 - Mexican border campaign by U.S. Army - Keating-Owen Child Labor Act passed 1917 - United States enters World War I

29. Key Names, Events, and Terms Progressive Movement Pragmatism William James John Dewey Frederick W. Taylor Scientific management Muckrakers Henry Demarest Lloyd Standard Oil Ida Tarbell Jacob Riis Theodore Dreiser Robert La Follette Urban migration Niagara Movement Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) National Urban League Carrie Chapman Catt National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Alice Paul National Woman’s Party (NWP) Nineteenth Amendment League of Woman Voters