1. European Nationalism 1800-1900

2. 1789 Europe

3. 1810 Map

4. 1815 Map

5. Ideology Conservative/Reactionary Liberal/Radical Moderate Nationalism Socialism Feminism

6. Negotiators Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain Czar Alexander I of Russia Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France Goals for Other Decision Makers Make sure France could not rise again to such power Put down revolution wherever it might appear Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule Metternich Distrusted democracy and political change - Restore order and stability Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power The Congress of Vienna

7. National borders Congress changed many borders Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France Process Countries that aided France lost territory Countries that fought France gained territory New Countries Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation France’s loss Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory Boundaries back to 1792 Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages Redrawing the Map

8. Metternich’s Influence His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society. Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press. Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy. Restoring Monarchies Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries. Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily. Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.

11. Events/Ideas to Remember End of Napoleon/Napoleonic Europe Congress of Vienna –Metternich Conservatism vs. Liberalism Balance of Power –Key Countries: GB, Ottoman Empire, France, Piedmont-Sardinia.... and soon, Russia

12. 1848 Revolutions A universal upheaval that, with the exceptions of Russia and England, affected the entire continent France—February 1848 –Revolution provoked by the government’s refusal to grant voting rights to people below the wealthier classes –Violence and rioting in the streets of Paris force the abdication of Louis Philippe A largely conservative Constituent Assembly elected by universal male suffrage –Conflict between the government(liberals) and Parisian radicals / socialists

13. Revolutions of 1848--France Working class men of the workshops attacked the Constituent Assembly, declared its dissolution, and established yet another provisional government –Assembly quickly restored by the National Guard militia –Workshops closed, class war ensues “June Days” of 1848 –Three days of violence and bloodshed consume Paris Emergence of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

14. 1848 Revolutions Elsewhere Austrian Empire in 1848 –Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, parts of Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, Italy Vienna’ s authority and political leadership The March Days of 1848 –Inspired by the February events in France, revolution swept through the Austrian empire and through all Italy and Germany Metternich forced to step down –Austria grants Hungary autonomy as war rages in Italy and Germany prepared for unification Demands for liberal concessions and national freedom

16. 1848 Revolutions Elsewhere The German States –German liberals longed for a unified German state under a constitution –30+ states of the German Confederation were the primary obstacle to unification Two largest states were the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia Establishment of the Zollverein set the tone for greater union Situation in Berlin –Prussian liberals called for reform by petitioning King Frederick William IV in 1848 Frederick agreed to grant Prussians a constitution and to merge Prussia into a German state –Question of how democratic and socialist the new government should be –Middle class conservatives able to convince Frederick (Money)

17. 1848 Revolutions Elsewhere The National Assembly at Frankfurt –Represented the liberal and nationalist aspirations of many Germans but, unlike the French National Assembly of 1789, had no real political authority, nor was it like many of the social revolutionaries occurring elsewhere on the continent Its members consisted mostly of professional people who feared the working classes as much as or more than they feared the political powers of kings and Prussian aristocrats –Questions of territory What constitutes “Germany”? ‘Great Germans’ versus ‘Little Germans’ –Reliance on Austrian and Prussian armies

18. Crimean War Begins Key Events: 1853-54 –Russia defeated Turkish fleet (fall 1853) –Russia occupies Ottoman territories of Moldavia and Wallachia

19. Key Events Britain, France, Sardinia (Allies) declare war on Russia Austria neutral (but may enter war with Allies)

20. Peace 1856: Treaty of Paris –Allies: Victory

21. Treaty of Paris 1856 –Made Black Sea neutral territory No more warships or forts allowed –Reduced Russian influence in region –Russian claim to protectorship in Palestine was rejected. Russia retreats from Holy Land. –Russia loses influence over Serbia

22. Characteristics of the Crimean War First well publicized war Railroads and telegraph to aid war effort Photographed Battlefield nurses, ambulances

23. Florence Nightingale Divine calling Criticized Victorian ideal of an educated, but helpless, woman Created a profession out of a un-respected occupation –Nurses were typically cooks and even prostitutes who followed armies –No training

24. Italian Unification

25. Risorgimento "Resurgence” Political and social protest Active between 1815 and Unification in 1860

26. Obstacles to Italian Unity Historically, battleground for foreign and local princes –France (1494 – Charles VII) –Austria (Peace of Utrecht 1713) –Napoleon (1799-1815) Frequent warfare emphasized local allegiances Age of Napoleon, romanticism create desire for national unity and security against foreigners But... Congress of Vienna –Gives Austria N. Italy –French prince given Napoli and Sicily

27. Secret Societies Carbonari formed about 1820 –Patriotic and liberal –Key figures in early years of nationalism Young Italy: “One Italy, free and independent” –Organized by Mazzini Organization –Scattered cells –Initiation rituals – “Skulls”

28. Key Figures Count Emilio Cavour: “the brain of unification” –Mazzini: the “soul” Garibaldi the "sword"

29. Giuseppe Mazzini : Writer and politician. Believed revolution would lead to unification. 1830: member of Carbonari 1831: organized a new political society called Giovane Italia (Young Italy) No King. Italy must be a democratic republic.

30. Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont “Buffer state” Industrialization by 1830 But... Political instability 1848 – 1 st Italian War for Independence – Loss to Austria Vittorio Emmanuel = King in 1850 Liberal prime minister, Emilio Cavour S-P enters Crimean War to gain status

31. Count Emilio di Cavour Hated the idea of a united Italy, but hated Austrian control more. 2 nd Italian War for Independence - 1859: Cavour persuaded Napoleon III(Assassination attempt) to protect Sardinia “if” Austria were to attack - Nice and Savoy - Austria does attack - France declares war against Austria. - Austrians surrender to France. Napoleon allows Sardinia to annex Lombardy. 1859/1860: all northern states voted to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. After 1860, France controls only Rome (at the request of the Pope).

32. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily

33. Giuseppe Garibaldi 1833: Joined Mazzini's “Young Italy” Fought for Sardinian independence in 1854. Fought in South America Wanted independence for the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Accepted help from Cavour.

34. Garibaldi’s Red Shirts 1860: defeated the Bourbon king of Sicily

35. Garibaldi’s Gift to Italy “Dictator of Sicily” –Died in 1882 –Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln: "Posterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure.” Only Venetia and Rome remain independent

36. Map of the 19th Century Unification of Italy

37. Who Should Rule “Italy”? With the revolutionary climate of Europe, Italy should be a constitutional monarchy. Vittorio Emmanuel is the strongest ruler within Italy.

38. Benefits for Italy of the Austro-Prussian War 1866 3 rd Italian war for Independence Austria loses control of Venetia Venetia annexed to Italy

39. 1870 Rome remained independent. When France loses the Franco- Prussian war in 1870, France must withdraw troops (protecting the Pope in Rome) Rome is ceded to Italy. The Right Leg in the Boot at Last!! Garibaldi: “If it won't go on Sire, try a little powder.. as in GUNpowder”

40. Problems Facing Italy Legacy of independent states Regional differences –North: cultural heritage, economic prospects, more cities, educated –South: agricultural, rural, illiterate peasants Italy vs Catholic Church –Church governs Vatican –Non-cooperation with new leaders of Italy

41. German Unification The era of Bismarck

42. Flag of Prussia. Otto von Bismarck, a prince of Prussia, led the movement to unite all Germans.

43. Boundaries within Europe after the Congress of Vienna (1815), featuring a strong (and large) Prussia. The Austrian Empire is also large.

44. Key People Kaiser Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck –Iron Chancellor –“Blood and Iron” – Realpolitik

45. Zollverein 1830s: Trade union (Ended after unification) Removed tariff barriers between German states Austria purposefully excluded from beginning –Bismarck continued penalties against Austria

46. Rivalry between Prussia and Austria Rivals for German leadership Much in common: –German language –Traditions, customs similar – But... Some differences – Prussia: mostly Protestant, militaristic, economically strong – Austria: Catholic, weaker leadership, weakened economy from fighting wars

47. Bismarck as Chancellor Bismarck Rap Appointed by King Wilhelm I in 1862 –Not a Nationalist –First loyalty was to ruling family Enlarged the army to support his plan –Support of Junkers, industrialists, landowners

48. Bismarck’s Philosophy: Realpolitik Politics based on practical (realistic) needs, not moral issues. In other words, the ideals of the Enlightenment would be ignored. Instead, Bismarck felt that people needed a strong government. The government will use whatever economic or military methods necessary to increase its power.

49. How Bismarck created Germany

50. OTTO VON BISMARCK used this phrase to describe the method by which a unified German state would be created. Compromise and discussion had failed. Bismarck knew that Germany could be created only through war... and with a strong leader. "By blood and Iron"

51. Bismarck orchestrated the unification of Germany through three carefully planned wars Denmark Austria France

52. 1. War with Denmark -- 1864 Bismarck formed an alliance with Austria in 1864. The purpose was to declare war with Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein. Realpolitik Agreement: Prussia and Austria would take one province on victory. They called it “liberation” because these provinces were mostly occupied by German speaking people. Bismarck creates tension with Austria over S-H, which leads to war between Austria and Prussia in 1866

54. 2. War with Austria -- 1866 Bismarck knows Prussia can defeat Austria 1 on 1 – Give France Alsace/Lorraine Give Italy Venetia Give Russia aid vs. the Poles Realpolitik “7-Weeks War” - After victory, Prussia “allows” Austria and 4 southern states to remain independent (assassination attempt) Lenient toward Austria –Bismarck did not want to completely alienate Austria But, Austria was permanently excluded from German affairs. Northern States join Prussia

55. 3. Franco-Prussian War – 1870 Victories by Prussia worry Napoleon –Resources are getting stretched too thin –Willing to let France go to war to reclaim his authority –Bismarck - Keep France weak and isolate –Spanish Succession

56. Ems Telegram Manipulated by Bismarck- Realpolitik –Wants France to declare war against Prussia –Telegram suggests that the French insulted the Prussians (raises Prussian ire) –Also suggests the Prussians insulted the French (assuring retaliation, leading to war) “His Majesty the King (of Prussia) thereupon refused to receive the French envoy again and informed him through an adjutant that His Majesty has nothing further to say to the Ambassador.

57. Battle of Sedan Southern States join Prussia Napoleon III surrendered, captured French losses over 5x that of Prussia – Second Republic overthrown

58. Treaty of Frankfurt May 1871 France lost Alsace and Lorraine and Strasburg Napoleon III no match for Bismarck

59. Birth of the German Empire 1871: Southern states (except Austria) join the new German Empire Prussian king becomes Kaiser of Germany (Hall of Mirrors)

60. The German Empire 1871 Birth of the Second Reich Two House legislature –Germany is an autocracy, ruled by Bismarck and the Emperor

61. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

62. Quotes by Bismarck “The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they'll sleep at night” “The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.” “When you want to fool the world, tell the truth.” “When you say you agree to a thing in principle you mean that you have not the slightest intention of carrying it out in practice.” “If there is ever another war in Europe, it will come out of some damned silly thing in the Balkans”

63. Bismarck’s Policies

64. Against Socialists Bismarck feared socialists would undermine loyalty of workers – possible revolution Laws forbid socialist meetings, newspapers Failed: workers unified in demands Bismarck adapts –Entice workers away from Socialism by passing laws to protect them –Health insurance, pensions, accident insurance –Socialism never disappears

65. Kulturkampf The Center Party – anti-nationalists Catholics must be loyal to state before church State can supervise church education State can approve appointment of priests Jesuits expelled from Germany Marriages must be performed by Civil – not religious – ceremony Too rigid –Bismarck ends up making peace with The Church

66. Kaiser Wilhelm II 1888: succeeds his grandfather 1890: asked Bismarck to resign “There is only one master and that is I” “Those who oppose me, I shall crush” Resisted democratic reform, but continued social welfare programs Continued support of German military Imperialistic

67. Bismarck Fired His legacy: 1891-1913 – coal output doubled 1888-1910 – iron output tripled 1914 – only G.B. produced more finished goods

68. Eastern Europe (after 1850)

69. Hapsburg Empire Challenges –Conservative ruler in liberal age –Industrialization brings social problems, unrest, socialism Emigration to US begins about 1870 –Mostly Jews and Slavs (non German- speaking)

70. Hapsburgs: Ethnic Diversity Multinational –Less than 25% speak German –50% belong to Slavic groups –Hungarians, Italians want independence – “Peoples! What does that mean? I know only subjects!” – Emperor Francis I (1830)

71. Hapsburgs: Franz Joseph Franz Joseph becomes emperor in 1848 (lasts until 1916) After defeats against France, and Sardinia in 1859, reform begins – Constitution with legislature –Dominated by German speaking Austrians –Hungary in rebellion

72. Compromise with Hungary 1866 - Francis Deak (moderate from Hungary) proposes the Dual Monarchy Austria and Hungary remain separate states –Each has constitution and parliament –Franz Joseph ruled both Resentment by Slavic groups (especially Czechs) Nationalism leads to Slavic unity, political and social unrest

73. The Balkans Powder Keg –Many ethnic groups that want independence –Russia and Serbia –Britain and France want Ottoman land in the Middle East and N. Africa –Stage is set for a war in the Balkans “If there is ever another war in Europe, it will come out of some damned silly thing in the Balkans” -- Bismarck

74. 2 nd Industrial Revolution http://www.public.asu.edu/~warrenve/IR2.htm lhttp://www.public.asu.edu/~warrenve/IR2.htm l

75. Russian Expansion

76. Nicholas I 1825-1855 Modernization –Limited power of landowners –Did not really change the system –Feared angering the nobles –Rigid social structure

77. Alexander II Defeated in Crimean War –Reveals lack of progress in Russia Lack of railroads, inefficient bureaucracy

78. Alexander II: Reforms Reforms the result of liberal reaction after the war Emancipation of serfs Other Reform –Trial by jury –Eased censorship –Soldier term of service reduced from 25 years to 15 –Encouraged industry

79. Revolutionary Currents Reform satisfied few Russians Peasants: freedom, but no land Liberals: want constitution, elected legislature Radicals: want socialism –Lived amongst peasants, preaching rebellion –Radicals turn to violence to get their message heard –People’s Will: plot to assassinate the Tsar Tsar becomes more conservative 1881: Assassination of Tsar Alexander II

80. Alexander III Reactionary –Revived harsh policies (Nicholas I) –Increased secret police, censorship –Exiled critics – Democracy is nothing but “lies of hollow people” Russification: One language, one church

81. Russian Industrialization 1890s: Focus on development Foreign capital Loans from France built Trans-Siberian Railroad Increase in political and social problems Radicals saw industrial workers as allies –Pamphlets preached revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx

82. Nicholas II 1894-1917 Last Tsar Ineffective

83. War between Russia and Japan 1904 Nicholas II: “Fight for Faith, the Czar, the Fatherland” Russia loses Discontent erupts –Workers strike (better hours, wages) –Starts chain of events that lead to the Russian Revolutions of 1905, 1917

84. Russo-Japanese War

86. Imperialism Origins & Causes Aggressive Policies began in 1870's - Economic - Industrial Europe needed colonies to act as distributors - Foreign Investment offered a high risk, but high return - Additional source for raw materials

87. Origins Political - Strategic Colonies - Protection and support of Missionaries - France & England - Spreading Nationalism

88. Origins Social and Cultural - Population Growth - People needed/wanted to move - "Imperial Power Movement” - The future of European Power would be based on Imperial Holdings - Charles Darwin - Social Darwinism - National Pride in spreading your culture

89. Africa - Exploration began in the 1850's - Sir Henry Stanley, Dr. David Livingston - Looking for the headwaters of the Nile - Europeans looked on Africa as a Romantic, Mysterious Place

90. “Dr. Livingston I Presume?”

91. Colonial Rivalries Africa in 1914

92. Berlin Conference Berlin Conference (1884-85) - Workout the Partition of Africa 1. The Congo controlled by Belgium and an International Assoc. 2. Open use of the Niger & Congo Rivers 3. European Powers could acquire land by- - First occupying it and settling it - Notifying the other nations of the claim

95. Boer War Boer War (1899- 1903) Boer's (Dutch Immigrants) Settled South Africa - Gold Discovered (1884) - British battle with Rights to South Africa - Britain Prevailed - Union of South Africa

96. The Pacific Rim Pacific Rim Capt. Alfred Mahan – The Influence of Sea Power Upon History - Nations that controlled the seas prevailed

97. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

98. Pacific Rim Asia - Britain & France influence in Hong Kong - Boxer Rebellion - 1900 - Rebellion in China against western influence in China - An International Force ended the Rebellion - The United States Open Door Policy - Recognized China's Independence - Allowed free trade access for all nations - Russia attempt to colonies Manchuria - Russo - Japanese War in 1904

99. Boxer Rebellion

100. Open Door Policy

101. The British Empire in 1914

102. Imperialism as a Source of Conflict "New Imperialism" sparked Competition for: - Raw Materials - World Market Share -Capital Scramble For Africa

103. Fachoda Crisis - 1898 - Battle over the Sudan between France & England - Over Headwaters of the Nile - France considered a full scale war (Navy?) -War avoided! For Now -1896-1906 - Dreyfus Affair -Theodor Herzl - Zionism

104. 1 st Moroccan Crisis - 1905-06 Germany vs France, England, Italy, & Russia Morocco occupied jointly by France Wilhelm II of Germany spoke for Moroccan Independence Russia & Italy got involved because of alliances with France 2 nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) – rebellion in Fez

105. The Balkans in 1878

106. Balkan Crisis - 1908 Imperialist Rivalry within Europe - Austria-Hung. - some control over the Balkans - This influence was opposed by Russia (Natural Area of Russia) - Wanted a Sea Port on the Mediterranean (WARM WATER PORT!) - Ottoman Empire was almost collapsed in 1908 - Austria & Russia came to an agreement - Austria would annex Boznia & Herzegovina - Russia would be given rights to the straits

107. Balkan Crisis - 1908 GB Protested & Russia backed down - Austria Annexed the Balkans anyway - The Pan-Slavists protested violently & asked Russia for Help - Russo-Austrian war was about to start - Russia backed down because Germany was allied with Austria - Warning! Rising Nationalism in the Balkans

108. Tensions & Conflicts: 1873- 1914 Russo-Japanese War (1905) Triple Entente (1907)  Br, Fr, Rus The Bosnian/Balkan Crisis of 1908 Second Moroccan Crisis (1911) The First Balkan War (1912) The Second Balkan War (1913)

109. The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

110. Europe in 1914