1. First Five 1.What is the name for the narrow opening between the uterus and the vagina? 2.Where is the prostate gland, and what is its function? 3.Explain how ovulation happens. 4.Where are sperm made? 5.Where does fertilization take place?

2. + Objectives 16.4 Sexual reproduction in humans Describe the ante-natal care of pregnant women, limited to special dietary needs and the harm from smoking and alcohol consumption Outline the processes involved in labor and birth, limited to: – breaking of the amniotic sac – contraction of the muscles in the uterus wall – dilation of the cervix – passage through the vagina – tying and cutting the umbilical cord – delivery of the afterbirth * Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products and providing a barrier to toxins and pathogens (structural details are not required) * State that some toxins, e.g. nicotine, and pathogens, e.g. rubella virus, can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus * Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk 16.5 Sex hormones in humans Describe the roles of testosterone and estrogen in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus * Describe the sites of production of estrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy * Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH, LH, progesterone and estrogen

3. + Outline Puberty & sex hormones Menstrual Cycle Pregnancy & how you’re born

4. Part 1: Puberty

5. Sex Hormones Testosterone Males Made in the testes Estrogen Females Made in the ovaries These are involved in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

6. Sex Hormones These are involved in the development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. These are the features that appear at puberty but not directly affecting sexual reproduction. HormoneMales/Femal es Site of production Secondary Sex Characteristics Testosterone Males Testes Deeper voice Enlargement of penis Arm & pubic hair Etc. EstrogenFemalesOvaries (egg follicles)  Widening of hips  Enlargement of breasts  Arm & pubic hair  Menstruation  Etc.

7. Part 2: Menstrual Cycle

8. When a girl goes through puberty one of the changes that occurs is that she will begin to have periods. This is the female body’s way of preparing to reproduce A woman’s reproductive system works on a 28 day cycle This cycle is known as the menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle consists of A number of stages In this part of the lesson we will learn what those stages are.....

9. Day 1 – 7 The menstruation cycle starts with the first day of a woman’s period. This is the name given to the time of the month when the lining of the uterus comes away and exits through the vagina as blood. Fill-in the key info for each stage listed on your notes sheet, but LEAVE SPACE in each box to add more later

10. Day 7 - 13 Around day 7 the blood flow stops. The lining of the uterus begins to build up again. At this time an egg starts to mature in one of the ovaries

11. Day 14 (The Middle) On the 14 th day which is the middle of the cycle, an egg is released by an ovary into the oviduct.

12. Day 14 - 17 The egg can last up to 3 days after it is released from the ovary. During this time the egg travels down the oviduct and may be fertilized

13. Day 18 - 28 If the egg is not fertilized then the lining of the uterus prepares to break down (less blood supply)

14. Day 1 – 7 The cycle starts over again expelling the lining of the uterus and the egg. Remember this is known as a period or menstruation. The cycle starts over again...

15. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle The cycle is entirely controlled by hormones What’s a hormone?

16. Hormones Four hormones involved in controlling menstruation in females NameMade…Function Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Pituitary (BRAIN)Stimulates one egg cell to develop (become follicle) EstrogenFollicle (ovary)Stimulates rebuilding of the uterus wall Lutenizing Hormone (LH) Pituitary (BRAIN)Stimulates follicle to burst and release the ovum ProgesteroneCorpus Luteum (ovary)Completes development of uterus wall, promotes glycogen storage

17. Hormones Days 1-7: All hormone levels are low Days 1-13: estrogen, FSH, LH increase Day 14: Peak of LH & FSH Days 14-28: decrease in LH, FSH, estrogen, significant increase in progesterone Write the BLUE info down in the table about the menstrual cycle (on page 1)

18. The Cycle During the first week of the cycle the pituitary gland stimulated, and releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

19. FSH stimulates a potential egg cell in the ovary The cells around the ovum also develop. This is called a follicle. Follicle cells secrete oestrogen. Oestrogen stimulates rebuilding of uterus wall. An oocyte (pre-ovum) surrounded by follicle cells False colour SEM of human uterus wall, approximately 13 days into cycle. Green cells are secretory, and orange cells are ciliated

21. Initial concentrations of oestrogen are low. The low concentration has a negative feedback effect on the secretion of FSH.

22. Negative feedback lowers FSH concentration

23. As follicle grows is produces larger concentrations of oestrogen. At a certain threshold, its effect reverses. It now has a positive feedback effect on secretion of FSH from pituitary. Also stimulates pituitary gland to release luteinising hormone (LH)

24. Positive feedback from increasing oestrogen concentration causes increase in FSH and LH from pituitary gland. Follicle gets bigger – releases more oestrogen

25. Peak of LH causes follicle to burst and release ovum This is ovulation (on day 14 of the cycle) Follicle reforms to become structure called corpus luteum ( ‘ yellow body ’ ) LH stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

26. Peak of LH causes ovulation (day 14) Oestrogen falls because follicle is gone, but corpus luteum still produces some. Ovulation – ovum released from follicle. Follicle become corpus luteum

27. Progesterone completes uterus wall. Increases blood supply and promotes glycogen storage. Rising concentrations of progesterone and oestrogen have negative feedback effect on FSH and LH. This prevents new follicles forming.

28. Fall in FSH and LH due to negative feedback with oestrogen and progesterone Progesterone produced by corpus luteum. Inhibits FSH and LH Corpus luteum – produces progesterone. Uterus wall fully completed.

29. Fertilization must occur within 2 days of ovulation. Embryo takes 3 days to reach the uterus and implant. If no embryo implants within a week the corpus luteum starts to break down. Progesterone and estrogen concentrations fall. Uterus wall begins to break down. FSH no longer inhibited, so begins to rise. Cycle begins again

30. FSH and LH totally inhibited Breakdown of corpus luteum causes fall in progesterone and oestrogen Corpus luteum begins to break down if no embryo has implanted a week after ovulation

31. FSH begins to rise since it’s not inhibited by oestrogen and progesterone Low levels of progesterone and oestrogen because there is no follicle or corpus luteum Uterus wall breaks down due to low levels of estrogen and progesterone New egg cell stimulated by rising FSH levels

33. Part 3: Pregnancy What happens if the egg cell gets fertilized?

34. What you need to know:  How does a fertilized egg develop into a baby?  How is a growing fetus fed?  How is the growing fetus protected? Pregnancy 

35. Fertilization Fertilization, the joining of the sperm and the egg in the fallopian tube (below) to form a unique human being, occurs.

36. Only 30 hours later This is a fertilized egg only thirty hours after conception. Magnified here, it is no larger than the head of a pin. Still rapidly dividing, the developing embryo, called a zygote at this stage, floats down from the fallopian tube and towards the uterus.

37. Weeks 3-5 The embryo ’ s tiny heart begins to beat by day twenty-one. Arm and leg buds are visible and the formation of the eyes, lips, and nose has begun. The spinal cord grows faster than the rest of the body giving a tail like appearance which disappears as the embryo continues to grow. The placenta begins to provide nourishment for the embryo.

38. Week 7 Major organs have all begun to form. The embryo has developed its own blood type, unique from the mother’s. Hair follicles and knees and elbows are visible. Facial features are also observable. The eyes have a retina and lens. The major muscle system is developed and the embryo is able to move.

39. Weeks 8-12 The embryo is reactive to its environment inside the amniotic sac where it swims and moves. Hands and feet can be seen. At the end of week 8, the embryonic period is over and the foetal stage begins.

40. Weeks 13-16 The brain is fully developed and the foetus can suck, swallow, and make irregular breathing sounds. Foetus can feel pain. Foetal skin is almost transparent. Muscles tissue is lengthening and bones are becoming harder. Liver and organs produce appropriate fluids. Eyebrows and eyelashes appear and the foetus makes active movements including kicks and even somersaults.

41. Weeks 20-24 A protective waxy substance called vernix covers the skin. By birth, most of the vernix will be gone but any that is left is quickly absorbed. Foetus has a hand and footprints and fingerprints are forming. Foetus practices breathing by inhaling amniotic fluid into its developing lungs.

42. Weeks 25-28 Rapid brain development occurs during this period and the nervous system is able to control some bodily functions. The foetus’ eyelids now open and close. At 25 weeks there is a 60% chance of survival if born. There is a rapid increase in the amount of body fat the foetus has. Rhythmic breathing occurs, but the lungs are not yet mature. The foetus sleeps 90-95% of the day. At this point there the survival rate is above 95% if the baby is born Weeks 29-32

43. Now complete the exercise on the Stages of Pregnancy worksheet!

44. Birth

45. After birth

47. What happens when a women is ready to give birth? Can you sort out your cards to put the birthing process into order?

48. The Birthing Process 1.A few days, or weeks, before the birth, the fetus usually turns so that its head is by the cervix (the entrance to the uterus). This is the position in which birth is most straightforward. 2.Birth is a process which is started by hormones. These are chemical messengers which are produced by different parts of the mother and baby. 3.Hormones cause the muscles in the walls of the uterus to start contracting. These contractions became more regular and stronger as the time of birth approaches. 4.The cervix starts to open and when the opening is large enough the head of the baby passes into the vagina. 5.The amnion splits and the watery amniotic fluid runs out. 6.Powerful muscles in the uterus wall push the baby down the vagina until it is born. 7.This process can take anything from a few minutes to several hours. 8.The newborn baby is usually weighed and measured before being handed to its mother. 9.After the baby has been born, the uterus continues to contract until the placenta (afterbirth) has passed out of the mother's body.

49. Part 4: Placenta and prenatal care

50. A few quick questions… 1.What are the 7 characteristics of life? 2.What do WE need to survive? What does a baby need to survive? 3.What’s an embryo? Fetus? Placenta?

51. How many months pregnant do you think this woman is? How does her baby (fetus) get nutrients? Where is the fetus? What protects him/her? What dangers are there for the fetus? Starter for todays lesson: Discuss in groups!!

52. How does the fetus get oxygen?

53. Why does a pregnant woman have to be careful about what she takes into her body? 7B Pregnancy - Dangers to fetus A baby is entirely dependent on its mother during pregnancy. Oxygen and food pass across the placenta from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s blood. Some harmful substances can also pass across the placenta with serious effects on the developing baby.

54. After about 10 weeks the limbs are visible and the embryo becomes a fetus. The placenta develops. This is an organ containing blood vessels that run very near to those of the mother. The placenta is connected to the fetus by the umbilical cord. Oxygen and food pass from the mother’s blood to the blood of the foetus. Carbon dioxide and waste pass from the foetus to the mother. Some harmful substances can cross the placenta. The Placenta

55. 1 alcohol 2 drugs 3 smoking 4 HIV virus Harmful substance 5 Rubella virus 1 alcohol 2 drugs 3 smoking 4 HIV virus Harmful substance 5 Rubella virus A Fetus may be infected with life-threatening disease before it is born. B Oxygen supply is reduced by nicotine and carbon monoxide. C Embryo infected and cannot develop properly. It may be born blind or deaf. D Blood vessels and heart may be damaged. Baby maybe small, born early or born dead. Effect on baby E Baby may be born underweight or brain-damaged. Match the substance to the effect it may have on a developing baby. 7B Pregnancy - Dangers to fetus

56. Oxygen Water Vitamins Drugs (some) Viruses (almost all) Nutrients Carbon dioxide Water Waste products The placenta!

57.  Complete the Placenta and Pregnancy worksheet  Placenta Fetus Amniotic fluid Uterus wall (made of muscle) Lining of uterus Umbilical cord

58. Umbilical vein Fetus Umbilical artery Placenta Blood out Blood in

59. Identical Non-Identical What about twins?

60. Identical Non-Identical What about twins?

61. Conjoined Twins What about twins? The copied cells do not separate properly! They start to develop individually even though they are joined.

62. Conjoined twins The copied cells do not separate properly! They start to develop individually even though they are joined.

63. Discussion: Prenatal & Postnatal Health Why is it important for a mother to take care of herself during pregnancy? What are the benefits and drawbacks to breastfeeding? What medicines/vitamins should a pregnant mother take? What should she avoid?

64. Classwork

65. Questions? Ensure your notes are completed Begin your HW-reproductive problems

66. Exit Ticket

67. Reproduction mini self assessment 1.What is the name of the male sex cell? (1) _____________ 2.What is the name of the female sex cell? (1)__________ 3.What word is used to describe the following diagram? (1) 4. What two things passes from the mother to the baby? (3) ___________ ______________ What passes from the baby to the mother? _______________ 5.Where are the female egg cells stored? __________ (1) 6. Where are the sperm cells made? (1) _____________ 7.Name three changes that happens in females during puberty. (3) * 8.Name three changes that happens in males during puberty. (3) * My score _____/14 Target areas _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

68. Task-Pregnancy worksheet Name: _______________ Write the correct statement next to the correct picture. Week 40 Week 30 Week 20 Week 10 Week 8

69. Task-Pregnancy worksheet Write the correct statement next to the correct picture. Outcomes: Identify the key stages during pregnancy Describe how the mother and baby exchanges substances Keywords Zygote Embryo Umbilical cord Foetus Oxygen Carbon dioxide Glucose The foetus is fully developed and ready to be born, it is about 50 cm long and about 3.5kg The foetus is 30cm long and the brain is very active. The foetus sleeps and wakes at regular intervals The embryo is now called a foetus and has human features The foetus has defined fingers and toes and begins to grow hair, eyelashes and nails The foetus is 7 cm long and has all body parts are in place

70. Answers Week 40 Week 30 Week 20 Week 10 Week 8 The fetus is fully developed and ready to be born, it is about 50 cm long and about 3.5kg The fetus is 30cm long and the brain is very active. The foetus sleeps and wakes at regular intervals The fetus is 7 cm long and has all body parts are in place The embryo is now called a fetus and has human features The fetus has defined fingers and toes and begins to grow hair, eyelashes and nails