1. NATIONALISM NOTES

2. Main Entry: na · tion · al · ism (n.): loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially : a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations (Bonds that create a nation-state include: nationality, language, culture, history, religion, territory) The Definition of Nationalism

3. Zionism & Jewish Nationalism Zionism : 19 th c. political movement that argued the Jews are a nation & have the right to a national homeland Jews didn’t inhabit a unified geo. area (diaspora) As nationalism grew across Europe, so did anti- Semitism (esp. in Austria-Hungary, Germany, & Russia) The Dreyfus Affair in France led to a rise in suspicion about Jews (scapegoats) 1896: Theodor Herzl called for the mass migration of Jews from around the world to a homeland— Palestine (ancient Kingdom of Israel) In return, led to a rise in Palestinian nationalism, too

4. Democracy in France Recession -> Discontent -> 1848 Revolution Napoleon III set up Second Empire –Large appeal –Strong leader –Name recognition –Hope He ruled under the guise of a constitutional monarchy. Used high surveillance techniques and political dishonesty to enhance his power.

5. Democracy in France 1870 Franco-Prussian War -> Napoleon III captured & End of Second Empire 1871, provisional (temporary) govt set up by National Assembly -> Paris Commune -> the Third Republic Gov’t headed by Premier (Prime Minister) and coalitions (alliances of various parties) 1894 The Dreyfus Affair 1905 Separation of Church and State 1914 Largest democratic country in Europe, with a constitution & basic rights. Napoleon III and Otto Von Bismarck

7. Austrian Nationalism In the early 1800s, conservative rulers of Austria tried unsuccessfully to limit industrial development. Austria had many of the same problems as Britain had when it began to industrialize. Many different national groups existed within Austria— Slavs, Hungarians, Italians, Serbs, Croats, etc. Many revolts broke out in 1848, but were crushed by the government. Emperor Franz Joseph made limited reforms, but they did not satisfy the nationalists.

8. Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary In 1866, Austria &Hungary split into two states, each with its own constitution & parliament. However, both nations were ruled by Franz Joseph, & shared ministers of finance, defense, & foreign affairs. Many nationalist groups were unhappy with the situation, & Slavic groups especially wanted Slavic unity.

9. Italy was historically divided into several kingdoms. At the Congress of Vienna, many Italian states were placed under foreign rule or supervision. (i.e. Northern Italy--Austria; Southern Italy--Spain) Giuseppe Mazzini- - est. “Young Italy” to further the goal of an Italian nation-state & expel foreign authorities. Unification of Italy

10. Cavour & the Risorgimento Camillo Cavour, the Prime Minister of Sardinia, led an Italian Nationalist movement, called the Risorgimento. Sardinia allied & signed a deal with France, who agreed to help in expelling Austrian rulers from Lombardy & Venice. Nationalist groups in other N. Italian city- states also joined Sardinia in overthrowing Austrian rulers. Hey, Victor, nice handlebars… Yes, yes— Bismarck told me it would drive the ladies mad…but if that doesn’t work these tassels are sure to!

11. Garibaldi & the Redshirts In southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi assembled an army of 1,000 “Redshirts” to fight for an Italian republic. This army accepted aid from Cavour & led the unification efforts. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was crowned King of Italy. (Rome & Venetia were not added until later, however.)

13. Unification of Germany Prior to the 19 th century, “Germany” did not exist It was a group of separate “nation- states” (with religious, ethnic, and lingual differences) Race for industrialization led to calls for unification (Some attempts had already been made at unification):  Napoleon  Congress of Vienna  The “Zollverein”—economic union in the 1830s

14. the Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck — became Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia –Employed Realpolitik —realistic politics based on the needs of the state –Famous “Blood & Iron” speech—emphasized the need for military action to unify Germany –Strengthened the army & fought wars with Austria, Denmark, & France –Increased nationalism w/ victories –The Franco-Prussian War (against Napoleon III) was the final step to German unification in 1871 “Well, I can’t say--the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or votes—but by blood and iron!” “So, Mr. von Bismarck, do your lady-friends dig the moustache??”

15. The Rise of the “Second Reich” After winning the Franco-Prussian war, the German states named Wilhelm I of Prussia Kaiser the “Second Reich” By 1900, Germany was a leading industrial power Bismarck led campaigns against the Catholic church & socialism, which he believed threatened the new empire. They’re all thinking how dashing I look in white!