1. E ASTERN E UROPE What is this region like?

2. W HAT DEFINES THIS REGION AS A REGION ? All countries in this region share the following: A Location in the Northern Hemisphere A general mild climate Many languages and cultures A past characterized by terrible, large-scale wars Powerful economies unified with younger economies

3. P HYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Europe is a peninsula of peninsulas 3 landscapes: Highlands in the north Central lowlands Mountains in the south Why is it mild? Warm water from the Gulf of Mexico reaches the west and wind patterns carry the warmth throughout Europe

4. T HE A LPS Geographically Important Economically important

5. C ULTURAL G EOGRAPHY Many different cultures and many countries formed around these cultures Population (review from 1 st semester!) As a whole, Europe has a low birth rate and longer life spans. What possible future economic problems does their population pyramid suggest?

6. STOP TO WORK ON PHSICAL AND POLITICAL MAPS! Maps Physical Geography labeling assignment Countries to study assignment Map Quizzes Physical Map Quiz- Monday, 1.25.16 Word Bank Political Map Quiz- Tuesday, 1.26.16 Word Bank but NOT broken up like the Africa map

7. AS I ENTER… Agenda PP Notes Overview of Eastern Europe

8. W HO ’ S W HO ? Most are ethnically Slavic Review: what’s the difference between ethnicity and race? Indo-Europeans who came from Asia and settled on the region Three groups: Eastern (Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) Western (Poles and Slavs) Southern (Serbs and Croats) Northern Countries: Czech Republic Slovakia Poland Hungary

9. WWI AND THE B ALKANS Dividing up the Balkans- Prior to WWI, Bosnia and Serbia were separated. Serbia was independent Bosnia is still controlled by Austria-Hungary. Bosnia made up of many ethnic Serbs who want Bosnia to be part of Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary goes to visit Bosnia and is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. Marks the beginning of WWI Post WWI, both regions are now part of newly formed Yugoslavia. Pre and Post WWI Map

10. C ONFLICT, U NION, AND D IVISION Balkan Peninsula- what a history! What did it used to look like? Yugoslavia (“Land of the South Slavs”) used to be the center of Eastern Europe: Serbia Montenegro Bosnia Croatia Slovenia Macedonia Balkanization: Division of regions into smaller regions that are in conflict with each other Belief that peace can only come from ethnic cleansing

11. B ACK TO C ONFLICT, U NION, AND D IVISION … O H M Y ! For most of the 20 th century, the creation of Yugoslavia brought stability The new generation thought of themselves as Yugoslavians For as long as they were one country, with 6 locally governed republics, all was mostly ok Two big issues: First: Religion: Serbs are Eastern Orthodox Croats are Roman Catholic Bosnians are Muslim Second: Boundaries: The 6 Republics of Yugoslavia did not align with the boundaries of the biggest ethnicities So when they split up, each country fought for new boundary lines

12. T IMELINE OF THE D IVISION OF Y UGOSLAVIA During WWII, Eastern Europe was the site of frequent battles and occupation Post WWII, Yugoslavia emerged as a communist country Eastern Europe as a whole fell under communist control of the Soviet Union In the 1990’s, many republics of Yugoslavia began to claim independence

14. STOP For: 30 For 30: Once Brothers This film will talk about the impact of the division of Yugoslavia on the National Basketball team through personal stories It will also re-explain why the break up happened

15. E THNIC C LEANSING Ethnic Cleansing Definition: The process by which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create a ethnically homogeneous region How is it different from Genocide? its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group It can however, use the same methods–including murder, rape, torture and forcible displacement–may be used.) Violence sparked in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo Serbs were removing or killing ethic rival groups Two minute video on Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkan States

17. B OSNIA & H ERZEGOVINA Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia At the onset, the population was 48% Muslims, 37% Serbs, and 14% Croats Serbs and Croats wanted independence (sort of) and united in the ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Muslims Why??? Making the area more than just majority Serb and Croats, making it homogeneous Trying to look like a good candidate to join Serbia and Croatia respectively

18. Snipers would hide in the surrounding buildings and hotels and shoot Parliament members going to work.

19. T HE S TARI M OST B RIDGE, BUILT IN 1566 Blown up by Croats in 1993 In an attempt to demoralize the Muslims as part of the ethnic cleansing It was rebuilt in 2004

20. B OSNIA C ONTINUED U.S. Intervention President Clinton had promised during his election campaign to stop the Bosnian Genocide Clinton, through NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Association), ordered Bosnian Serbs to withdraw from Sarajevo They complied and a cease-fire was reached Serbs began to ignore the cease-fire and started attacking Muslim cities U.S. responded with air strikes Bosnian Muslims also received arms from other Muslim nations, to fight back against the Serbs Finally, the Serbs agreed to real peace talks in Dayton, Ohio (USA)

21. R ESULTS Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats combined into a federation The Bosnian Serbs operate pretty much independently At the onset, the population was 48% Muslims, 37% Serbs, and 14% Croats Serbs received 50% of the land, Croats received 25% of the land, and Muslims received 25% of the land

22. I NTERNATIONAL R ESPONSES Though the international community did little to prevent the systematic atrocities committed against Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia while they were occurring, it did actively seek justice against those who committed them.

23. S COTT O’G RADY Behind Enemy Lines Article

24. AS I ENTER… Agenda Armenian Genocide Reading Vocab and task-rotation

25. B EFORE B ALKAN S TATES, THERE WERE G ENOCIDES Armenian Greek (Pontiac) Ukrainian Cambodian

26. C OMMUNISM Microcosm: East and West Germany Notes (WWII, wall, communist countries) 7 Steps to Main Idea- Berlin Airlift Documents Timeline- Cold War and Europe Night Crossing

27. WWII AND ITS AFTERMATH USSR/Soviet Union (Communist Russia) was on the winning side of WWII USSR is Communist and the rest of the Allied Powers (winners of WWII) were democratic nations Problems arose post-war on how to run and rebuild Europe Becomes East (USSR and nations it controls-like Yugoslavia) v. West (Britain, France, USA) What does U.S.S.R. stand for, you ask? Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

28. P OST -WWII E UROPE After WWII Europe split between the Communist East and the Democratic/Capitalist West

29. C OMMUNISM V C APITALISM Communism (Soviet Union and Eastern Satellite Nations) Gov controls economy and distribution of resources (command economy) Typically done so under strict authoritarian rule Capitalism/Democracy (Western nations) Economy run by private individuals and corporations with some gov. regulation. Based on consumer desires and competition. More freedom of choice- often echoed in style of government as well COLD WAR : Period of tension between Communist nations (USSR) and non-communist nations from 1945-1990 Impacted the whole world, not just Europe

30. D IVIDED G ERMANY Germany was divided up after WWII into 4 zones Each zone would be controlled by one of the winning countries from the war To complicate things further, Berlin, the capital, was also divided among the 4 nations. Do you foresee any problems with this set-up?

31. D ISAGREEMENT AND DIVISION WORSENS Soviets and Western Allies disagree on how to rebuild Germany after WWII Soviet Union wants to demand reparations, focus on agriculture, and creating communist practices Western Allies want to focus on rebuilding economy through industry Germany is divided into two nations- East and West Germany Berlin also divided East/West Eventually the 3 Western Zones merged into one Western zone

32. 1948- S OVIET B LOCKADE Western Allies decide to unify the currency used in all of their zones- this would include West Berlin Soviet Union does not want new currency in West Berlin- why?? USSR decides to block access to West Berlin from the Americans as a way to pressure the West to stop and to leave West Berlin in general Don’t allow any access to West Berlin from West Germany Only one RR and two highway entrances to West Berlin for West Germany West Germany and Western Allies in a tricky situation Don’t want people in West Berlin starve/go without supplies…BUT Forcing through blockade = act of war

33. B ERLIN A IRLIFT Solution? Drop supplies in from the air! 1948-1949

34. A IRLIFT FACTS 394,509 tons of foodstuffs, coal and supplies carried by 689 military and civil aircraft - 441 US, 147 RAF and 101 British civil. The pilots and aircrew also came from Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand 124,420,813 miles were flown during the airlift. A total of 277,804 flights The Russian blockade lasted from June 24, 1948 to May 11, 1949 The airlift cost the United States $350 million; the UK £17 million and Western Germany 150 million Deutschmarks Berliners received an average of 2,300 calories a day which was higher than the UK food rationing system provided at the time At the height of the operation, on April 16 1949, an allied aircraft landed in Berlin every minute Each aircraft was unloaded by German crews in 20-30 minutes

35. “It’s cold in Berlin, but colder in Siberia.” -West Berliner “What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what happens to Germany, happens to Europe” -Soviet Foreign Minister “I believe the future of democracy requires us to stay here until forced out” -US Army General Lucius D. Clay

36. B ERLIN AIRLIFT DOCUMENTS 1. Read through each of the two excerpts regarding the Berlin Airlift. 2. Complete 7 steps to the main idea for each document 3. Decide which course of action you agree with after reading the documents and using what you just learned today. Airlift supplies to West Berlin Leave West Berlin to the Soviets 4. Explain why you think the action you chose is best. Be sure to support your opinion with evidence and information from the documents or class.

37. T HE B ERLIN W ALL Background: Large numbers of East Germans were moving to West Germany Had to go through West Berlin Soviet Union very upset with the large number of migrants Migration in Numbers: 3 million migrants from East to West between 1949- 1958 June 1961: 19,000 left East Germany July 1961: 30,000 August 12, 1961: 2,400 (most in a single day)

38. CONSTRUCTION After such a huge number of defectors in one day, Premier Kruschev gives orders to block border between East and West Berlin for good. In 11 days the first wall was up Barbed wire Concrete blocks Virtually impossible to get from East to West Berlin Used to be able to travel easily between the two sides of Berlin 3 access points that were heavily guarded

39. B ERLIN WALL Fortified and reinforced many times over the years 12 feet tall 4 feet deep Barbed wire “Death Strip” on East German side Berlin was divided from 1961-1989 Halted migration from East to West Escape difficult but not impossible 5,000 escaped between 1961-1989 (600 were border guards) Jump out of nearby windows Drive through wall in sections that weren’t heavily guarded and fortified Crawling through sewers Hot Air Balloons! Torn down in November 1989 as Cold War came to an end

40. B ERLIN W ALL - PICTURES

41. B ERLIN W ALL – PICTURES AND LINKS The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall Pictures Then and Now 25 years 10 great escapes 8 creative escapes

42. COLD WAR TIMELINE Now that you have some background on the Cold War and two specific examples of how it played out in Germany, you are going to create a timeline of other major events of the Cold War that occurred in Europe. There were MANY other events related to the Cold War that occurred that are not on your timeline. These are a few of the major events that impacted Europe throughout the decades of the Cold War.

43. C OLD WAR TIMELINE Can work individually or with a partner Timeline with descriptions Everyone INDIVIDUALLY is choosing the most significant event and explaining how it had the greatest impact on the Cold War Extra Credit: Include illustrations for the events on the timeline- must demonstrate neatness, thought, and effort

44. S TOP FOR NIGHT CROSSING