1. Reproductive Cycles and Patterns Reproduction is the production of new individuals by an existing member of the same species. It is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms Parents effectively pass on a copy of itself in the form of genetic material to another generation. Reproduction Introduction to Reporduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rsH2loIY8

2. Formation of gametes Gametes are formed via the process of meoisis. – Normal cells have a two sets of chromosomes, but gametes only have one set. Gametes are haploid (one set of chromosomes) Normal cells are diploid (two sets of chromosomes. One set from mom and one from dad)

3. IB Assessment Statement Draw and label diagrams of the adult female reproductive systems. – Bladder – urethra. – Oviduct – Ovary – Uterus – Vagina – Rectum – Cervix – Ureter – Ovary – Oviduct

4. Animations Video for Female Reproductive System http://kidshealth.org/parent/interactive/frs_it.html Menstrual Cycle Animation: http://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Menstrualcycleani mation.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Menstrualcycleani mation.aspx IVF Animation http://www.abc.net.au/science/lcs/swf/ivf.swf

6. Female Reproductive Parts Ovaries – held near the bas of the abdominal cavity. – Produce gametes (ova or egg cells) – Ovaries are also considered endocrine glands They secrete the hormone oestrogen and progesterone.

7. Female Reproductive Parts Oviducts (fallopian tubes) – extend from the uterus and open as funnels close to the ovaries. – Oviducts transport egg cells to the uterus – Fertilization takes place in the oviducts.

8. Female Reproductive Parts Uterus – is about the size and shape of a pear – Has a thick muscular wall – and an inner lining of mucous membrane that has a lot of blood vessels called the endometrium.

9. Female Reproductive Parts The endometrium of the uterus – undergoes the 28 day cycle. – The lining is built up each month in preparation of implantation of an embryo. – if NO implantation occurs the endometrium disintegrates and menstruation starts.

10. Female Reproductive Parts The vagina is a muscular tube that can enlarge – to allow entry of the penis – And exit of a baby

11. Female Reproductive Parts The cervix is where the vagina and uterus are connected.

12. Female Reproductive Parts The vulva is the opening of the vagina to the exterior.

13. LE 46-9a Bartholin’s gland Vaginal opening Vagina Cervix (Rectum) Oviduct Ovary Uterus (Urinary bladder) (Pubic bone) Urethra Shaft Glans Prepuce Labia majora Clitoris Labia minora

14. LE 46-9b Vagina Cervix Oviduct Ovaries Uterus Endometrium Follicles Corpus luteum Uterine wall

17. IB Learning Objective Draw and label diagrams of the adult male – bladder – urethra – erectile tissue – spermatic cord – urethra – penis – foreskin – glans – testis – scrotum – epidymis – rectum – prostrate glad – seminal vesicle – sperm duct – ureter

19. Male Reproductive System Testosterone hormone secreted by the cells of the testes has three functions: 1.It initiates the pre-natal (before birth) development of the male genitalia (penis, testes) 2.It triggers and regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics 3.It maintains the sex drive (libido) in the adult.

20. Male Reproductive System Two Testes (singular testis) are situated in the scrotal sac. – They must be outside the body, because the optimum temperature for sperm production is 2-3 °C lower than body temperature.

21. Male Reproductive System Testes function is to produce male gametes spermatozoa (singular spermatozoon) or sperms. Testes is also considered an endocrine gland because it released the hormone testosterone

22. Male Reproductive System Seminal vesicles and the prostrate gland are endocrine glands which secrete nutritive seminal fluid. Seminal fluid travel to the outside of the body during a process called ejaculation via ducts These ducts also store sperm

23. Male Reproductive System the urethra is a duct that runs inside the penis. the urethra duct carries sperm and urine.

24. Male Reproductive System The penis also contains spongy erectile tissue that fills with blood when the male is sexually stimulated. This causes a condition known as an erection. The erect penis penetrate the vagina in sexual intercourse.

25. LE 46-10b Seminal vesicle Urethra Scrotum Glans penis Testis Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Erectile tissue of penis Epididymis (Urinary bladder) (Public bone) Prepuce Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct (Rectum)

26. LE 46-10a Seminal vesicle (behind bladder) Urethra Scrotum Glans penis Testis Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Erectile tissue of penis Vas deferens Epididymis (Urinary bladder)

30. Secondary Sex Characteristics Definition – characteristics that develop during puberty. During puberty there is a significant increase in sex hormones. Sex hormones (oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone) are called anabolic steroids, because they cause an increase in muscle and bone formation.

31. Secondary Sex Characteristics of females The increase of sex hormones cause the following secondary sexual characteristics of females during puberty – Maturation of ovaries – Enlargement of vagina and uterus – Widening of pelvis – Growth of pubic hair and under arm pits hair – Monthly ovulation and menstruation – Changes in behavior associated with sex drive

32. Secondary Sex Characteristics of males The increase of sex hormones (mainly Testosterone) cause the following secondary sexual characteristics of males during puberty – Development and enlargement of the testes, scrotum, penis and glands of the reproductive tract – Increased skeletal muscle development – Enlargement of larynx, deepening the voice – Growth of pubic hair, underarm hair and body and facial hair – Continuous production of sperm – Changes in behavior associated with sex drive

34. IB Assessment Statement 6.6.3 Outline the role of hormones in the menstrual cycle, including

36. Animations Video for Female Reproductive System http://kidshealth.org/parent/interactive/frs_it.html Menstrual Cycle Animation: http://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Menstrualcycleani mation.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Menstrualcycleani mation.aspx IVF Animation http://www.abc.net.au/science/lcs/swf/ivf.swf

37. Roles of Hormones in the control of reproduction Puberty is triggered by the part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus glands signals the pituitary gland to produce and release two hormones into the blood circulation 1.Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 2.Luteinizing hormone (LH)

38. The Reproductive Cycles of Females In females, the secretion of hormones and the reproductive events they regulate are cyclic

39. The Human Female Reproductive Cycle: A Closer Look The female reproductive cycle is one integrated cycle involving two organs: – the uterus – and ovaries

40. The Human Female Reproductive Cycle: A Closer Look Secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary orchestrates the female reproductive cycle Four kinds of hormones participate in an elaborate scheme involving positive and negative feedback

41. The menstrual cycle consists of two cycles monthly preparation and shedding of an egg cell from the ovaries 1.The ovarian cycle – occurs in the ovaries and is concerned with the monthly preparation and shedding of an egg cell from the ovaries 2.The uterus cycle – occurs in the uterus and is concerned with the build up of the uterine the build up of the uterine lining.

42. Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Control by hypothalamus Pituitary gonadotropins in blood FSHLH FSH LH GnRH Inhibited by combination of estrogen and progesterone Inhibited by low levels of estrogen Stimulated by high levels of estrogen LH surge triggers ovulation FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow Mature follicle Growing follicle Ovarian cycle Corpus luteum Degenerating corpus luteum Follicular phase OvulationLuteal phase Progesterone and estrogen secreted by corpus luteum Estrogen secreted by growing follicle in increasing amounts Progesterone and estro- gen promote thickening of endometrium Peak causes LH surge Ovarian hormones in blood Estrogen level very low Progesterone Estrogen Endometrium Uterine (menstrual) cycle Menstrual flow phaseProliferative phaseSecretory phase Days 28 2520 1514 105 0

43. The Ovarian Cycle FSH Hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland FHS stimulates the development of several immature egg cells (in the follicles) in the ovaries. This follicle with the developing egg then secrets oestrogen.

44. The Ovarian Cycle Oestrogen has two targets 1.Stimulates the build up of the endometrium (uterus lining) in case of implantation of an embryo, should fertilisation take place 2. Inhibits FSH, which prevents more than one egg from being released (negative feedback)

45. The Ovarian Cycle Oestrogen concentration reaches its peak mid way through the cycle High concentration of oestrogen stimulates the secretion of LH by the pituary gland

46. The Ovarian Cycle LH stimulates ovulation (release of egg) LH also stimulates the formation of a temporary gland called a corpus luteum. Corpus Luteum releases the hormone progesterone.

47. The Ovarian Cycle Progesterone has two targets: 1.In the uterus, it continues to build up the endometrium (uterus lining), to further prepare for implantation on a possible embryo 2.In the pituitary gland, it inhibits the secretion of LH and FSH (negative feedback control)

48. The Ovarian Cycle to Uterine Cycle When the levels of FSH and LH reach a low level in the blood stream, the corpus luteum (temporary gland) breaks down. The breakdown of the corpus luteum causes the decrease in the levels of progesterone and oestrogen. When the level of these above hormones are low it triggers for the endometrium lining to break down---- the start of the Uterine Cycle (menstrual cycle)

49. If the egg is fertilized……… The embryo itself becomes an endocrine gland The embryo secretes a hormone that circulates in the blood. The corpous luteum is maintained as an endocrine gland for 16 weeks of pregnancy.

50. If the egg is fertilized……… After 16 weeks the corpus luteum breaks down and the placenta takes over as an endocrine gland. The placenta will secrete oestrogen and progesterone hormones to prevent ovulation.

53. Menopause After about 450 cycles, human females undergo menopause, the cessation of ovulation and menstruation

54. IB LEARNING OBJECTIVE Outline the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF).

56. In vitro Fertilization (IVF) Ethical Considerations Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.

57. Modern Reproductive Technology Recent advances are addressing reproductive problems Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are invasive techniques in which amniotic fluid or fetal cells are obtained for genetic analysis Noninvasive procedures usually use ultrasound imaging to detect fetal condition Modern technology can help infertile couples by in vitro fertilization

58. LE 46-21 Head Body Head Body

60. Animations Video for Female Reproductive System http://kidshealth.org/parent/interactive/frs_it.html Menstrual Cycle Animation: http://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Menstrualcycleani mation.aspxhttp://www.nhs.uk/Video/Pages/Menstrualcycleani mation.aspx IVF Animation http://www.abc.net.au/science/lcs/swf/ivf.swf