1. Abraham Maslow Holistic-Dynamic Theory

2. Biography Born April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. First of seven children of Jewish immigrants parents from Russia. Mother was devoutly religious. Briefly studied law at CCNY, and briefly attended Cornell. Maslow married Bertha Goodman, his first cousin. They have two daughters. Maslow and Bertha moved to Wisconsin so that he could attend the University of Wisconsin. Here, he became interested in psychology and he spent time there working with Harry Harlow. He received a B.A. degree in philosophy and his Ph.D. in psychology all from the University of Wisconsin. A year after graduation, he returned to New York to work with E. L. Thorndike at Columbia. Taught at Brandeis University. President of the APA from 1967-1968. Published Motivation and Personality in 1970.

3. The Holistic - Dynamic Theory Maslow’s theory of personality is based upon his understandings of human motivations towards action. 5 basic assumptions of Motivation in the Maslow model: 1. The whole person is motivated, requiring a holistic approach. 2. Motivation is usually complex. Several sources can contribute to the eventual appearance of some behavior. - For example, the desire for sexual union may reflect needs for dominance, companionship, love and self-esteem. - Additionally, certain motivations may be unconscious. For example, using a telephone as a way to feel love and belongingness. 3. People are continually motivated by one need or another. Satisfying one need only results in the individual trying to satisfy other needs. 4. People are universally motivated by the same basic needs. Maslow believes in the fundamental similarity of the human experience. Although we may achieve needs in a culturally specific (or culturally proscribed) manner which is idiosyncratic, the needs which must be satisfied are universal in nature. 5. Needs can be arranged in a hierarchical fashion.

4. Hierarchy of Needs 5 levels of basic hierarchy of needs: –Physiological Needs. –Safety Needs. –Love and Belonging Needs. –Esteem Needs. –Self-actualization Needs. In order to move to higher level needs, the lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied. These five needs are called, “Conative Needs” -- they have a striving or motivational character.

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Certain human needs are more fundamental than others, and satisfaction of these "basic" needs is necessary before "higher" needs can be addressed.

6. 5 Levels of Hierarchy Needs Physiological Needs –Most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. –These needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met. –Two distinct characteristics of physiological needs The only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied (ex: after eating to much food, thinking about food can have a nauseating effect). Physiological needs are continually recurring, so we must seek satisfaction of this basic need on a daily basis.

7. 5 Levels of Hierarchy Needs Safety Needs –These include needs for safety and security. –Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, safe neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment. –Safety needs cannot be overly satisfies; people can never be completely protected. –When people do not feel safe and they become preoccupied in trying to satisfy their needs for safety, they tend to suffer from what Maslow called “basic anxiety.”

8. 5 Levels of Hierarchy Needs Love and Belongingness Needs –These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. –Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, or religious

9. 5 Levels of Hierarchy Needs Esteem Needs –After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self- esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment. –2 levels of esteem needs: Reputation (perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others. Self-esteem (based on real competence and not merely on others’ opinions).

10. 5 Levels of Hierarchy Needs Self-Actualization Needs –The highest level of Maslow ’ s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling their potential. –Not all people achieve the self-actualization level. People do not move automatically from esteem level to the self-actualization level.

11. Other Categories of Needs Aesthetic ( desire to know, to solve mysteries, to be curious ). –Cognitive needs must be constantly satisfied before any other needs can be satisfied. We need knowledge in order to satisfy our conative needs, and our cognitive needs motivates us to find answers which will satisfy our other needs. Cognitive –Not thought to be universal, but reflective of the idea that some people are motivated by the need for beauty and order. Neurotic –Nonproductive needs which perpetuate an unhealthy style of life. Neurotic needs are seen as compensatory reactions to a failure to fulfill one or more basic needs.

12. Expressive and Coping Behavior Coping Behavior - behavior specifically aimed at need satisfaction. Coping behavior is motivated by need deficiencies. Expressive Behavior - indicative of "free will" and encompasses how someone walks, talks, gestures, and smiles. Expressive behavior is motivated by internal forces, rather than external stimuli.

13. Criteria for Self-Actualization Free from psychopathology Have progressed through the hierarchy of basic needs. Realize your need to grow and develop, and to increasingly strive to become who you are fully capable of becoming. Not static beings who embrace the status quo. Embrace change, because change is necessary for growth.

14. Values of Self-Actualizers Self-Actualizers are motivated by the “eternal verities (B-values). Being values (B-values) are indicators of psychological health. B-values also called “metaneeds” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs. He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people that he called metamotivation.

15. Characteristics of Self-Actualized People More efficient perception of reality - Self-actualizers are better able to distinguish fact from fiction. Greater acceptance of self, others, and nature. Live with spontaneity and without artifice. Problem-Centered, instead of ego-centered. Have a higher need for privacy. Are more independent and autonomous. Renewed appreciation for the world. Can have "peak experiences Gemeinschaftsgefuhl : Social Interest

16. Characteristics of Self-Actualized People Profound Interpersonal Relations: serious relations are few, yet deep. Have a democratic character structure: Self- actualizers are friendly to people without regard to race, gender, age, ethnicity, or social status. Clear Sense of Right and Wrong Philosophical Sense of Humor High Creativity Resistant to Enculturization : Although self- actualizers typically fit in, they can go against prevailing wisdom when the accepted cultural practice violates their own sense of right and wrong.

17. Development of Pathology Maslow believed neurosis and psychotic behavior arises from need deficiencies. If individuals can not satisfy their basic needs, pathology is the result. Maslow states that everyone is born with a will toward health, and a tendency to grow towards self-actualization.

18. The Jonah Complex A fear of success which keeps people from becoming self-actualized. Maslow believes the Jonah Complex arises due to a) the need for humility b) the emotional surge that fulfillment brings with us is too draining to experience on a constant basis.

19. Psychotherapy Since Maslow believes most people never move past the stage of satisfying needs of love and belongingness, he felt that the therapist must develop an open, warm relationship with the client. Acceptance within a clinical relationship will hopefully lead to more healthy relationships outside of therapy. The aim of therapy is to decrease the reliance on others and encourage the systemic urge toward psychological growth and self-actualization.