1. CDA 3101 Spring 2016 Introduction to Computer Organization Microprogramming and Exceptions 08 March 2016

2. Review Multicycle Datapath – 1 cycle per execution step: 1.Instruction Fetch 2.Instruction Decode / Data Fetch 3.ALU op / R-format Execution 4.R-format Completion 5.Memory Access Completion Finite-State Machine -Current State, Next State, Transition Function Finite-State Control -State: Control Signals Asserted -Arc:Requirements for Transition -Can be implemented in hardware (ROM, PLA)

3. Overview Problems with Finite-State Control - Real processors have Hundreds of States - Thousands of interactions between states - FSC graphical design too small for realistic architectures Solution: Microprogramming - Software-based control design - Control signals => fields in microinstruction - Sequence microinstructions => microprogram Challenges of Microprogramming - Microinstruction design and sequencing - Exception handling

4. MIPS Microinstruction Format Microinstruction: Abstraction of datapath control FieldSpecifies ALU control ALUop for this clock cycle SRC1Source for first ALU operand SRC2Source for second ALU operand Register ControlRegister read/write, data value written MemoryMemory read/write, data value written Destination register for MemRead PCWrite controlSource for PC (PC+4, BTA, JTA) SequencingHow to choose next microinstruction

5. Sequencing Modes Specifies how to choose the next microinstruction Incrementation – If current microinstruction at address A, then get the next 32-bit instruction from A + 4 (value = Seq) Branching – Go to the microinstruction that fetches the next MIPS instruction (value = Fetch) Control-Directed Choice – Choose next microinstruction based on control input (value = Dispatch i) Dispatch Tables: Like a jump table in MIPS programming Tell microprogram control where to go to execute a prespecified routine (e.g., a utility program for data fetch)

6. Instruction Fetch and Decode Microinstructions: Label ALU control SRC1 SRC2 Register control Memory PCWrite Sequencing Fetch Add PC 4 --- Read PC ALU Seq --- Add PC Extshft Read --- --- Dispatch 1 Actions: 1.ALU adds PC+4, puts ALUout in PC, gets next microinstruction 2.ALU adds PC and sign-extended shifted offset to compute BTA, then reads data from register file into buffers A and B

7. Memory Access Microinstructions: Label ALU control SRC1 SRC2 Register control Memory PCWrite Sequencing Mem1 Add A Extend --- --- --- Dispatch 2 LW2 --- --- --- --- Read ALU --- Seq --- --- --- --- Write MDR --- --- Fetch Actions: 1.ALU adds base in A + sign-extended offset => Memory address 2.For load, memory is read at address = ALUout 3.The output of memory is put in the memory data register (MDR) (Store instruction is symmetric)

8. R-format Execution Microinstructions: Label ALU control SRC1 SRC2 Register control Memory PCWrite Sequencing Rformat1 Func code A B --- --- --- Seq --- --- --- --- Write ALU --- --- Fetch Actions: 1.ALU op specified by funct field of instruction operates on A and B – Result goes to ALUout 2.The result in ALUout is written to the register file and we branch back to the calling point to get the next MIPS instruction

9. Branch and Jump Microinstructions: Label ALU control SRC1 SRC2 Register control Memory PCWrite Sequencing Beq1 Subt A B --- --- ALUout-cond Fetch Jump1 --- --- --- --- --- Jump address Fetch Actions: Branch subtracts A-B in ALU to set Zero output high if A=B, then jumps to BTA computed during instruction decode step Jump transfers control by writing the JTA into the PC Both microinstructions return to the point from which their dispatch table entry was called (e.g., Beq1 or Jump1 call)

10. Completed Microprogram Dispatch Table 1: Mem1, Rformat1, Beq1, Jump1 Dispatch Table 2: LW2 (load), SW2 (store)

11. Microprogramming Issues Hardware Implementation - Similar to Finite-State Control - Current State in Register, Transition Function in ROM, PLA - Difference:  prog sequencer uses a c o u n t e r Fallacy: Microprogram is faster - Olden Days: Microprogram store was fast memory - Today: Cache used, no performance advantage - Basis:Easier to modify software than hardware Fallacy: New microinstructions are “free of charge” - Microprogram memory might not be full (at first) - Extra add-on instructions have to be supported in future rev’s.

12. New Topic: Exceptions Definition: Event causes unexpected transfer of control Types: (1) Exception [overflow] (2) Interrupt [I/O] Difference:Exception generated inside the processor Interrupt associated with external event Challenges: Exception Detection – How to discover exception Exception Handling – What to do MIPS: 2 types – Undefined instruction, Arith. overflow

13. Exception Detection Undefined Instruction: 1.Add State 10 [Exception] to Finite-State Control 2.Every instruction not lw, sw, beq, R-format, or jump transitions to State 10 Arithmetic Overflow: 1.Recall: ALU has overflow detection logic. So, create a new State 11 in FSC to handle overflow 2.When ALU output Overflow is asserted, then control is transferred to State 11

14. Exception Handling Two Techniques: EPC/Cause and Vectored Interrupts Vectored Interrupts: 1.Each exception has a distinct address A E associated with it 2.Exception detected => A E for that exception written to PC EPC / Cause: (MIPS practice) 1.Exception detected => Address of instruction saved in $epc Cause register has code for exception 2. Exception handler acts on Cause, tries to restart execution at instruction pointed to by $epc

15. Mods to MIPS DP for Exceptions 1.New Registers - $epc and Cause (32-bit) 2.New Control Signals – EpcWrite, CauseWrite 3.New Control Line – 0 for undefined instr., 1 for ovflw 4.New Mux Signal for PCsource = 11 2 Old PC inputs: PC+4, BTA, JTA Additional input: A E = C0000000 16 in MIPS Recall: ALU overflow detection already “installed”

16. New Exception Handling States

17. New FSC with Exception States

18. New MIPS Multicycle Datapath

19. Problems with Exceptions Rollback and Restart - Rollback: Reverse effects of the process - Restart: Do a process or operation over again - Overflow exception detected after ALUout written - This means ALU operation produced an uncorrected error  - Current FSC does not support process restart or rollback How to Fix? - Not easy – Control system design is difficult – Requires much additional HW to do rollback

20. Conclusions Microprogramming – More tractable for large ISAs Challenge: Getting the fields and signals consistent Pitfall: Microprograms not necessarily faster Pitfall: Add-on microprogram instructions not “for free” Exceptions (internal event) vs. Interrupts (external) – Exception Detection needs Special Hardware – Exception Handling needs more hardware ($$$$)

21. Lookahead: Next Exam Covers… MIPS programs, Pointers and Arrays Arithmetic/Logic operations, ALUs, MIPS ALU Boolean Arithmetic (signed and unsigned +, -, x, /) Floating Point Operations and Datapath/Pipelining Next Topic: Pipelining !! Have a Happy Spring Break