1. LEARNING BY OBSERVING & MODELING OTHERS SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

2. Modeling = observing & Imitating others behavior Observation = Learning by observing others consequences

3. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Learn new responses Carry out or avoid previously learned responses Learn a general rule (similar situations)

4. ALBERT BANDURA BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT-1961

5. 3 GROUPS… One Group saw adult aggressive behavior (live) One Group saw the same adult aggressive behavior (in movie) One Group saw adult aggressive behavior (in cartoon) Every group copied behavior (less with cartoon) Some groups even added new behaviors Children who had never played with the Bobo doll were 5x more likely to imitate- Why?

6. 1999 COLUMBINE HIGH SCHOOL Within 8 days every state (except Vermont) had copycat threats or incidents ---------------------------- Pennsylvania had 60

7. 4- FACTORS OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY You must pay attention You must remember what you observed You must have the ability to produce the behavior You must be motivated to perform the behavior

8. DO CHILDREN BLINDLY IMITATE ADULTS?  Observational learning only prepares a person to duplicate a response.  Much of imitation depends on what is reinforced

9. AGGRESSION IS DIFFERENCE FROM VIOLENCE…… Aggression  Behavior with intent to harm  Can be physical or psychological Violence Aggression intended to cause extreme injury

10. Do we perceive aggression differently?

11. Common signals of verbal and physical aggression…

12. Many theories of aggression Much research…

13. GENERAL AGGRESSION MODEL  This broad theory says that aggression is a result of a chain of psychological processes that include: situational events, aggressive thoughts and feelings and the way in which a situation is interpreted.  You must interpret the situation as one in which aggression is appropriate.  You must interpret the setting as a threat and your arousal as anger.

14. RELATIONAL AGGRESSION  Aggression intended to damage another person’s relationships.  Some evidence of gender differences by age 4-5 At age 4-5 (based on teacher ratings) 12% of boys= physical 3% of girls=physical 0% boys=relational 26% girls= relational How does this change?

15. FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS Frustration is sometimes caused by aggression and aggression sometimes causes frustration The highest degree of aggression occurs with solvable problem but presence of insults

16. AGGRESSION ON THE PLAYGROUND… First six months of age=anger Ages 1-2= direct physical aggression School age= physical aggression changes to verbal aggression. Physical aggression still exists Children who are aggressive tend to be socially rejected Some children see aggression as appropriate Some aggressive children “are not” rejected