1. The Blood -made up of _______, ____ ______ _____, ______ ______ _____, and ________ I. Erythrocytes-____ ______ _____ -___________ cells (____-____ life span) which carry _______ __________ to ___________ (____ ________) -_____ _______ to increase ________ _____ for ________ _______ -______ _____ determined by ________ or ________ of certain _____________called _________ plasmaredblood cells whiteblood cellsplatelets redblood cells anucleated120day oxygen complexedhemoglobin red pigment losenucleussurfacearea carrying oxygen bloodtypepresence absence glycoproteins antigens

2. The Blood I. Erythrocytes R x – Sickle Cell Disease-____________ _____ causes ______ to become ________-_______or ______-_______ -under conditions of ____ _______, ________- _______ ______ don’t ______through the _________ and become ________ in _________ _____, _________ them up, causing ______ ______ -____________ ______ form causes _______ ____ _______, ___________ ____ form is _______ co-dominantgeneRBC’s spindleshaped sickleshaped lowoxygenspindle shapedRBC’s“roll” capillariesjammed capillarybedsplugging tissue death homozygous (S’S’) sickle celldiseasehomozygous(SS) normal R x – Anemia-any reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, caused by lack of RBC’s, lack of iron, zinc, protein, B Vitamins, or having faulty hemoglobin

3. R x – Sickle Cell Disease -____________ _____ form is actually _____ ________ for ________in the ________ ____, because the ________ __________ (___________ __________), which ______ more ________during ______than all ______ of _______ _________ and has been the _______cause of ______ of _______throughout ______ _______, cannot ______a ______ ____ -if _____of a person’s ______ are _______- _______, they are ____as _____ to get _______ -among ________ __________, __ in ___carry the ________ _____, and __ in ____ have _______ _____ ________ ♂ ♀ S’S’ S’S’ SS SS ’ -____________ _____ form is _____-_______ and ________ heterozygous(SS’)halfnormal survives heterozygous(SS’) adapted survivalmalarialbelt malarialProtozoan Plasmodiumfalciparum killed soldiersWWIIforms warfare combined leadingdeath people humanhistoryinfectsicklecell halfRBC’s sickle shaped halflikely malaria African Americans sicklinggene 1 10 1 500 SickleCell Disease

4. If Sid, who is heterozygous for the sickling gene, and Sydney, who is homozygous for normal blood cells, have 4 children, how many, according to the odds, should have sickle-cell anemia? ♂ ♀ S S S S’S’ SS ’ SS SS ’ SS If Simon, who has sickle-cell anemia, and Sarah, who is heterozygous, have 12 children, how many, according to the odds, should have sickle-cell anemia? 0404 x 4=0 children ♂ ♀ S’S’ S S’S’ S’S’ S’S’S’S’ S’S’S’S’ SS ’ 2424 x12=6 children

5. If Sam, who is homozygous for normal red blood cells, and Samantha, who is heterozygous, have 8 children, how many, according to the odds, should be best adapted for survival in the malarial belt? ♂ ♀ S’S’ S SS SS ’ SS I. Erythrocytes A. Blood Types-coded for by multiple-allele inheritance 1. Type A-coded for by genotypes AA or Ao -second-most common blood type A antigens Anti-B antibodies 2424 x8=4 children

6. I. Erythrocytes A. Blood Types 2. Type B-genotypes BB or Bo -second-most rare bloodtype B antigens Anti-A antibodies 3. Type AB-genotype AB (A and B alleles are co-dominant over o allele -Universal recipient -most rare blood type No antibodies A and B antigens

7. I. Erythrocytes A. Blood Types 4. Type O-genotype oo (homozygous recessive) -Universal donor -most common blood type No antigens Anti-A antibodies and Anti-B antibodies If Alfred, who is blood type A and whose mother is blood type O, and Beulah, who is homozygous for blood type B, have 6 children, how many, according to the odds, should have blood type B? ♂ ♀ B B Ao BoAB BoAB 2424 x6=3 children

8. If Oscar, who is blood type O, and Amy, who is blood type A but her father is blood type O, have 10 children, how many, according to the odds, should have blood type O? I. Erythrocytes A. Blood Types ♂ ♀ o A oo oo Ao 2424 x10=5 children If Abner, who is blood type AB, and Brenda, who is heterozygous for blood type B, have 12 children, how many, according to the odds, should have blood type A? ♂ ♀ o B AB BoAo BBAB 1414 x12=3 children

9. I. Erythrocytes A. Blood Types 5. Rh Factor-Rhesus factor (+ or -) -positive is dominant over negative No antigens Anti-A antibodies and Anti-B antibodies Type O - Blood Type AB + Blood Anti-Rh antibodies (if exposed) A, B, and Rh antigens No antibodies

10. If Amos, who is blood type A - and whose mother’s blood type is O -, and Belinda, whose blood type is B + and whose father’s blood type is O -, have 11 children, how many, according to the odds, should have blood type A + ? ♂ ♀ o B Ao ooAo BoAB ♂ ♀ r rr rr Rr R 2 4 Type Rh + x11=1 child 1 4 Type A x

11. If Abner, who is blood type AB + and whose father’s blood type is B -, and Olivia, whose blood type is O + and whose mother’s blood type is O -, have 14 children, how many, according to the odds, should be males with blood type B + ? ♂ ♀ o o AB BoAo BoAo ♂ ♀ r Rr rrRr RR R 3 4 Type Rh + x14=3 children 2 4 Type B ♂ ♀ X XY XYXX XYXX X 2 4 male xx

12. If Alex, who is blood type A - and whose father’s blood type is O -, and Betty, whose blood type is B + and whose mother’s blood type is O -, have 9 children, how many, according to the odds, should be females with blood type O - ? ♂ ♀ o B Ao ooAo BoAB ♂ ♀ r rr rr Rr R 2 4 Type Rh - x9=1 child 1 4 Type O x ♂ ♀ X XY XYXX XYXX X 2 4 female x

13. R x – Erythroblastosis fetalis-“blue baby” disease (blue from anoxia) -mother with Rh negative blood type transfers anti-Rh antibodies to Rh postive blood type baby during tearing of umbilical cord during delivery, which agglutinate baby’s RBC’s, leading to their destruction, severe anemia, and death -treated with RhoGam, an injection of anti- Rh antibodies which agglutinate positive RBC’s before WBC’s are exposed to Rh antigens, prevents formation of anti-Rh antibodies

14. R x – Erythroblastosis fetalis♂ ♀ r Rr rrRr rrRr r Blood mixes as umbilical cord tears Rh + father Rh - mother Rh + child/(grandma) B-lymphocyte uses Rh antigen as template to make Anti-Rh antibodies Rh + child’s/(grandma’s) RBC in mother’s blood Rh - mother’s blood after exposure to Rh antigen

15. R x – Erythroblastosis fetalis♂ ♀ r Rr rrRr rrRr r Blood mixes as umbilical cord tears Rh + father Rh - motherRh - second child Rh - mother’s blood after exposure to Rh antigen No effect Blood mixes as umbilical cord tears Rh - mother’s blood after exposure to Rh antigen Rh + second/(first) childAnti-Rh antibodies agglutinate Rh antigens, mark for destruction Macrophage phagocytizes agglutinated cells

16. R x – Erythroblastosis fetalis♂ ♀ r Rr rrRr rrRr r Blood mixes as umbilical cord tears Rh + father Rh - mother Rh + child Rh + child’s RBC in mother’s blood Rh - mother’s blood after exposure to Rh antigen, and RhoGam Anti-Rh antibodies agglutinate Rh antigens, mark for destruction Mother receives RhoGam injection Macrophage phagocytizes agglutinated cells

17. If Rex, who is homozygous recessive for the Rh factor, and Belinda, who is heterozygous for the Rh factor, have 6 children, how many, according to the odds, should be at risk for Erythroblastosis fetalis, if no RhoGam is given? ♂ ♀ r rr rr Rr R ♂ ♀ r Rr rrRr rrRr r 0 children, because Belinda is Rh + and Rex is Rh - If Roxanne, who is homozygous recessive for the Rh factor and whose mother’s blood type is A +, and Rick, who is heterozygous for the Rh factor, have 6 children, how many, according to the odds, should be at risk for Erythroblastosis fetalis, if no RhoGam is given? All the Rh + ones, because Roxanne was exposed to the Rh antigen on the day she was born

18. II. Leukocytes-white blood cells R x – Leukemia-cancer of the white blood cells -uncontrolled reproduction of leukocytes -most often affects children -chemotherapy/radiation successful about 60% of the time in driving leukemia into remission A. Granulocytes 1. Neutrophils -100% fatal within 3 years if left untreated -most numerous WBC’s -attack bacteria, fungi, and some viruses -characterized by the appearance of large granules (lysosomes) in cytoplasm -create build-up of cellular debris and dead neutrophils = pus

19. 2. Eosinophils A. Granulocytes II. Leukocytes -second-least numerous WBC -counteract immune response against allergens, protozoans (like malaria), and multicellular parasites like worms and flukes 3. Basophils-least numerous WBC -release histamine, which dilates blood vessels, making the blood vessels ‘leaky’ to aid in diapedesis and allow water from the blood into tissue spaces to aid in swelling -fight off inflammatory chemicals during allergic reactions -release heparin, which prevents blood clotting to aid in arrival of blood and WBC’s -“Does a bear poop in the woods?”

20. II. Leukocytes A. Granulocytes 3. Basophils-trigger inflammatory cycle: a. injuryb. release of histamines c. rubor/calor (redness/heat due to increased circulation) d. tumor (swelling) e. dolor (pain)f. loss of function B. Agranulocytes R x – Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease (AIDS)-caused by the HIV attack on (mononucleated) T-lymphocytes and monocytes -victims die from rare viral pneumonia or rare forms of cancer like Kaposi’s Sarcoma R x – Mononucleosis-caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) -causes immunodeficiency disease by attacking (mononucleated) T- lymphocytes and monocytes

21. II. Leukocytes B. Agranulocytes 1. Lymphocytes a. T-lymphocytes-second-most common WBC -attack virally-infected cells and cancer cells -create cellular immunity after exposure to viral antigens b. B-lymphocytes-produce antibodies, which agglutinate viruses and bacteria -create humoral immunity after exposure to viral and bacterial antigens

22. II. Leukocytes B. Agranulocytes 2. Monocytes-third-most common WBC -activate to become macrophage to attack viruses and bacteria -present antigens to T-lymphocytes to aid in creation of immunity -phagocytize non-useful tissue and cellular debris III. Thrombocytes-platelets -cell fragments stick to broken surfaces to form a platelet plug to stop bleeding prior to coagulation -release serotonin to stimulate contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessel wall to reduce blood flow

23. IV. Plasma-55% of blood volume -watery portion of blood containing dissolved proteins -Thromboplastin+Calcium+ProthrombinThrombin -Thrombin+FibrinogenFibrin -RBC’s trapped in fibrin mesh = clot Czar Nicholas II Czarina Alexandra MariaOlgaTatianaAnastasiaAlexis King Ludwig IV of Hesse Alice of Hesse Prince Albert of England Queen Victoria of England Leopold

24. R x – Hemophilia-83% of all hemophiliacs have Hemophilia A, missing clotting factor VIII -suffer from internal bleeding into head and joints, causing pain, swelling, and loss of function -once known as a “royal” disease, all those with Hemophilia A are descendent of Queen Victoria -recessive, sex-linked, X-linked genetic disorder ♂ ♀ XHXH Y If Nicholas, who is normal, and Alexandra, who is a carrier of hemophilia, have 5 children, how many, according to the odds, should have hemophilia? XHXH XhXh XHXHXHXH XHXhXHXh XHYXHY XhYXhY 1414 51 childx=

25. ♂ ♀ XhXh Y XHXH XhXh XHXhXHXh XhXhXhXh XHYXHY XhYXhY If Hector, who is a male hemophiliac, and Hestor, who is a carrier of hemophilia, have 8 children, how many, according to the odds, should be female hemophiliacs? If Harold, who is normal, and Hattie, who is a carrier of hemophilia, have 9 children, how many, according to the odds, should have hemophilia? ♂ ♀ XHXH Y XHXH XhXh XHXHXHXH XHXhXHXh XHYXHY XhYXhY 82 childrenx= 1414 1414 x9=