Pre- analytic Analytic Post- analytic S pecimen collection Specimen transport Specimen quality Result accuracy Clerical errors Analytical errors Result reporting Record keeping for patient and QC
Patient preparation - proper patient preparation is essential to obtain meaningful test result Specimen collection - container, anticoagulant, time taken to send specimen to lab, corrected by using vacutainer tubes & collection of samples by lab personnel Specimen Transport - critical for some tests Specimen Separation, aliquoting - monitoring of the performance of the centrifuge, container used for storage Personnel - variation from person to person. Safety precautions for all specimens.
Improper preparation of the patient Improper collection of the blood sample Incorrect specimen container Incorrect specimen storage
Calculation errors –incorrect factor / wrong calibration values Transcription errors Dilutions errors –incorrect dilution or dilution factor used Lack of training The human factor –tiredness / carelessness / stress
The prompt and correct delivery of the correct report on the correct patient to the correct Doctor. How the Clinician interprets the data to the full benefit of the patient.
Quality Assurance is internal Quality assessment plus external Quality assessment Quality Control is achieved through proper documented and validated interventions at Preanalytical, analytical and post analytical stages
Analyte Reference Intervals for Healthy adults* Glucose70 – 110 mg/dl Cholesterol<200 mg/dL Triglyceride<250 mg/dL ALT13 – 40 IU/L AST10–59 U/L Amylase27–131 U/L ALP U/L CK25 – 130 U/L GGT1-30 U/L
Ammonia40-80 μg/dL LDH100–190 U/L Total Bilirubin mg/d Direct Bilirubin<0.3 mg/dL Urea Nitrogen (BUN)6-20 mg/dL Creatinine mg/dL Uric acid mg/dL Total protein g/dL ( g/L ) Albumin g/dL ( g/L ) Cholinesterase4.9–11.9 U/mL Sodium (Na+) mmol/L Potassium (K+) mmol/L Calcium (Ca++) mg/dL
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