The Enlightenment Summary

Objectives How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason? How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government? How did new ideas affect society and the economy? Identify the philosophies of major Enlightenment thinkers such as: John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, Adam Smith.

Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment 1500-____: European scientists using _______ to discover laws of nature – Very successful: _____ movements, chemistry, vaccine for _______, etc. Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? – Laws that govern _________ – ________ begin studying _______ and ________problems

Major Enlightenment Ideas Every _____, ______ and _______ problem could be solved through the use of ________. Governments are created to ______ an ______ society. _________ of powers is the _____ way to protect human ________. All ______ are created “free and equal.” A free market should be allowed to ___________.

Enlightenment Thinkers John ______ Baron de __________ ________ +

Social Contract Thomas HobbesJohn Locke Humans are naturally ______, ______ and _______. To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a ______ contract. Only a _______ government could ensure an orderly society. Believed only an absolute ___________ could keep a society completely orderly. Humans are naturally _______, ________ and ________. Humans have natural _______: _____, _______ and _______. People form governments to _________ natural ______. _______ government was one with __________ power. If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to _________government.

Separation of Powers Baron de Montesquieu: ________ absolute ________ and admired British government – British ________ themselves from tyranny by ________ ________of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception). – Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two. What government does this sound like?

Enlightenment and the Economy ___________ rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called ________ ______. – Physiocrats were Enlightenment thinkers who focused on _______ reforms. Laissez-Faire: allowing _____ to operate with _________ or ____ government interference. – Real wealth comes from productive land not gold and silver. – Supported _____ ______ and opposed ________.

Enlightenment and the Economy Adam Smith: _____ _____ should be allowed to _______ business activity. – Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of ______ and ______. – Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are _______ and economic ________ to be had. – Smith supported ________ ______ but also believed that a government had a duty to _____ society, administer justice, and provide public works. His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800’s and 1900’s).

Supply and Demand

Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society Detested the _______ _______ and slavery Deplored _________ prejudice Defended freedom of _______ Attacked ________ right theory Urged education for ______ Hated unequal distribution of _________ Believed governments should be _______ ________ Women’s first duty was to her _________

Enlightenment Changes Society Women: Women were _____ equal and were _________ for attempting to gain equality Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss _________________ _____ (chat rooms) Music: ________ and ________ become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart) Art: Baroque gives way to ______ art (_______, ________ and _________) Literature: _______ become popular (Robinson _________)

Enlightenment Changes Society Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: ______to change and hurt the worst – ________ disappears in the west, rises in the east – ________ in _______ Europe allowed to own or rent _____ – All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar issues Forced into military Lands could be torn up without compensation by nobility Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely

REVIEW QUESTIONS Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.

REVIEW QUESTIONS Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy? a) Montesquieu b) Hobbes c) Rousseau d) Voltaire Which of the following is true of the physiocrats? a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism. b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire. c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire. d) They focused on social reform.

Enlightenment Thinkers In republican governments, men are all equal; equal they are also in despotic governments: in the former, because they are everything; in the latter, because they are nothing. ~Baron de Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws Bk. VI, Ch.2 The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity or the whole value of the rent, labor and profit which must be paid in order to bring it thither. ~Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Vol.I, bk.1, ch.7 The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property. ~John Locke Second Treatise of Government ChXIX, “Of the Dissolution in Government”