1. Versailles: Review Why did Louis XIV move the court to Versailles?
How did Louis XIV control the nobility?
What role does ceremony play in Canadian culture or government?
Is Louis too extravagant?

2. The Scientific Revolution
Summary/Review

3. Video:
What does this have to do with science?

5. The Scientific Method What is the scientific method?
1) Experiment & Observe
2) Interpret observations (with reason of course)
3) Prove scientific theories using mathematics

6. Copernicus
Poland
Argued against a geocentric model of the universe

7. Copernicus
Said earth was not stationary, but turned on its axis once a day
Argued for a heliocentric model of the universe
Did not have enough evidence to convince the majority of scientists, but did affect how science is practiced (use of evidence to back up new ideas)

8. Tycho Brahe
Denmark
Carefully recorded what he saw from his observatory
Credited with the most accurate and detailed recordings of his time

9. Johannes Kepler Germany Believed in Copernicus’ heliocentric model
Used Brahe’s observations to help proved the heliocentric model of the universe
Argued that planets move in an ellipse

10. Galileo
Italy
Used a telescope to prove by observation what Kepler proved in mathematics
Moon was not smooth but rough
Jupiter had 4 moons
Sun had spots
Facing the Roman Inquisition

11. Newton Proved mathematically some of Galileo’s observations
Invented calculus
Law of gravity
The apple!
Saw the universe as a well run machine that followed a specific set of laws.
Laws of nature

12. Why would these ideas be hard for people to accept?
Why would the church be troubled by this?

13. The Enlightenment
18th Century Thinking

14. The power of hanging out
Salon
Middle Class
Discussion

15. Background to the Enlightenment
Reformation and the wars that followed religious divisions
Absolutism
Scientific Revolution and the scientific method

16. Words associated with the Enlightenment:
Progress
Critical
Reason
Logic
Insight
Discussion
Rejection
Maturity
Rational
Scientific
Middle-class
Optimistic
Confident
Equality
Toleration

17. Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment
: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature
Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc.
Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws?
Laws that govern human nature
Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

18. Rene Descartes “Cogito ergo sum” I think, therefore I am
Descartes applies the scientific reasoning to the empirical (senses) world
Wax argument: How can I know this is still wax?
This leads to doubting, how can I know anything?
I think, so therefore I know that I exist. This is his foundation for logical thinking.
Used reasoning to figure “things” out

19. Major Enlightenment Ideas
Every social, political, and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason
Governments are created to secure an orderly society
Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties
All men are created “free and equal”
A free market should be allowed to regulate trade
Deism: A belief in a God that created this world but has backed off and lets the world run according to the natural laws set in place by God.

20. The Enlightenment Thinkers
The Enlightenment was a broad intellectual and cultural movement.
The methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life.
This does not mean arriving at the same conclusions!

21. Political Thought During the Enlightenment

22. Thomas Hobbes Humans are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.
To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract.
People “agree” to give up their freedom to a ruler who guaranteed peace & order.
Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.
Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly.
Written during a Civil War in England

23. John Locke Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good
Humans have natural rights: life, liberty, and property
People form governments to protect natural rights
Best government was one with limited power
Government rules at the consent of the people
If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

24. Think about it…
Why would John Locke’s ideas scare absolute monarchies?
What could Locke’s ideas lead to?
Any guess where Locke’s ideas became very popular?

25. Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire
John Locke
Baron de Montesquieu

26. The Philosophes
Many expanded on Locke’s idea of natural rights, these people became known as the philosophes.
Confident that the use of science and reason would lead to a continued human progress.

27. Enlightenment and the Economy
Physiocrats rejected mercantilism in favor of a policy called laissez faire.
Wanted natural laws for economics
Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

28. Enlightenment and the Economy
Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand
Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had
Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works.

29. Supply and Demand

30. Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society
Detested the slave trade and slavery
Deplored religious prejudice
Defended freedom of speech
Attacked divine right theory
Urged education for all
Hated unequal distribution of property
Believed governments should be freely elected

31. Essential Enlightenment Expressions:
"I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it"  (Voltaire)
"Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains"  (The Social Contract - Jean-Jacques Rousseau)
"The individual who persecutes another because he is not of the same opinion is nothing less than a monster"  (Voltaire)

32. Enlightenment Changes Society
Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality
Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms)
Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart)
Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming)
Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cru soe)

33. REVIEW QUESTIONS
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?
a) Montesquieu
b) Hobbes
c) Rousseau
d) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?
a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism.
b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.
c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.
d) They focused on social reform.

34. REVIEW QUESTIONS
Who believed that people are naturally cruel and greedy?
a) Montesquieu
b) Hobbes
c) Rousseau
d) Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the physiocrats?
a) They rejected laissez faire in favor of mercantilism.
b) They rejected mercantilism in favor of laissez faire.
c) They rejected both mercantilism and laissez faire.
d) They focused on social reform.