In-Text Citations Giving credit to your sources WITHIN your research paper

Rules of the Citation Game… Use ALL of your sources at least once. Try to vary the sources throughout the paper – no “clumping” For print sources, identify the author and page number (or title if author is unknown) For non-print sources, identify the author (or title if author is unknown)

How to “parenthetically document” information: It is interesting to know that “bugs live under a segment of earth known as the ectopic crust” (Wilson 52). OR According to George Wilson’s The Great Divide, bugs live under a segment of earth known as the ectopic crust” (52).

What if I “adjust” the actual wording? USE BRACKETS: It is interesting to know that bugs live under a [part] of the earth known [in the scientific realm] as the ectopic crust” (Wilson 52). In his most recent book Your Newborn, Dr. Spock states, “The neurological stimulus penetrates the [brain] in a manner which sparks the memory storage” (78).

What if I want to leave some of the words out? Use an ellipsis (three dots) It is interesting to know that “bugs live under… the ectopic crust” (Wilson 52).

Using a long quote??? If the quote is more than three typed lines, you must (1) double indent (2) Do NOT use quote marks (3) Place the citation AFTER the end punctuation

What if the author is unknown? Use the TITLE! It is interesting to know that “bugs live under a segment of Earth known as the ectopic crust” (The Great Divide 52).

What if the page number is unknown? It is interesting to know that “bug live under a segment of Earth known as the ectopic crust” (Wilson).

What if I PARAPHRASE? Type the entire paragraph and then put the citation at the end AFTER the period before starting a new paragraph. NO QUOTE MARKS! Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa. (Wilson 52)

What needs to be cited? Direct Quotes Statistics Paraphrased information that is NOT general knowledge or that is NEW information

MLA Online: In MLA style, references to sources are placed in the text of the paper to briefly identify sources for readers and enable them to locate the source of the cited information in the Works Cited list. These parenthetical references should be kept as brief and as clear as possible. Give only the information needed to identify a source. Usually the author's last name and a page reference are all that is needed. Place the parenthetical reference as close as possible to the material being documented and where a pause would naturally occur, preferably at the end of a sentence.

MLA Online: Parenthetical material should complement, not repeat, information given in the text. If you include an author's name in a sentence, you do not need to repeat it in your parenthetical statement. The parenthetical reference should precede the punctuation mark that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase that contains the cited material. Electronic and online sources are cited just like print resources in references cited in the text. If an online source lacks numbering, omit numbers from the parenthetical references. If a source includes fixed page numbers or section numbering, such as numbering of paragraphs (pars.), cite the relevant numbers.