BELLWORK 1/29 1. Describe Wilson’s policy of Moral Diplomacy. 2. Explain how naval warfare was waged during WWI. 3. How was aircraft used as support for naval/land warfare? 4. THINKER: Do you think it’s possible for a superpower like the U.S. to be neutral during WWI? Are there any situations (modern or past) in which you feel the U.S. should remain neutral?

Woodrow Wilson Nickname: “The School Master” because he was the most educated President. Nickname: “The School Master” because he was the most educated President. Despite his cold exterior, Wilson wrote 1,000’s of sexy love letters to his wife, and frequently visited a woman in Bermuda Despite his cold exterior, Wilson wrote 1,000’s of sexy love letters to his wife, and frequently visited a woman in Bermuda In 1919 Wilson suffered a stroke, his wife Edith was the gatekeeper during his recovery (first female president?) In 1919 Wilson suffered a stroke, his wife Edith was the gatekeeper during his recovery (first female president?)

How was aircraft used as support for naval/land warfare?

WWI Aircraft Zeppelin (Germany) British Airship

WWI Dogfights

U.S. Involvement in WWI Should the U.S. remain neutral?

President Wilson on U.S. neutrality: President Wilson on U.S. neutrality: “We must be impartial in thought, as well as, action!” “We must be impartial in thought, as well as, action!”

U.S. NEUTRALITY In August 1914, Wilson officially declared the U.S. “neutral.” In August 1914, Wilson officially declared the U.S. “neutral.” Although “neutral,” the U.S. was secretly giving food and supplies to the Allies and loaned them $2.25 billion. Although “neutral,” the U.S. was secretly giving food and supplies to the Allies and loaned them $2.25 billion. Wilson was reelected in 1916 with the slogan, “HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR!” Wilson was reelected in 1916 with the slogan, “HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR!”

View of American citizens Allied war purchases fed an economic boom in the U.S. Allied war purchases fed an economic boom in the U.S. America trade with allies rose from $825 million in 1914 to $3.2 billion in America trade with allies rose from $825 million in 1914 to $3.2 billion in 1916.

1914 trade w/Britain $743 million 1914 trade w/Britain $743 million 1914 trade w/Germany $345 million 1914 trade w/Germany $345 million 1916 trade w/Britain $3 billion 1916 trade w/Britain $3 billion 1916 trade w/Germany $29 million 1916 trade w/Germany $29 million Loans to Britain  $2.3 Billion Loans to Britain  $2.3 Billion Loans to Germany  $27 million Loans to Germany  $27 million

German U-Boats German U-Boats, or submarines, were used to attack enemy ships. German U-Boats, or submarines, were used to attack enemy ships. Submarine Warfare Submarine Warfare Germany warned: Germany warned: All seas around Britain and Ireland to be a war zone All seas around Britain and Ireland to be a war zone All enemy ships in the zone were targets to be sunk All enemy ships in the zone were targets to be sunk Neutral ships might be attacked by mistake Neutral ships might be attacked by mistake American passengers should stay off all Allied ships American passengers should stay off all Allied ships

"If such a deplorable situation should arise, the Imperial German Government can readily appreciate that the Government of the United States would take any steps it might be necessary to take to safeguard American lives and property and to secure to American citizens the full enjoyment of their acknowledged rights on the high seas“ To summarize  Germany WILL be held responsible for loss of American ships or American lives!!!! To summarize  Germany WILL be held responsible for loss of American ships or American lives!!!!

Lusitania May 7, 1915 – German submarine attacked the Lusitania, a British passenger ship. May 7, 1915 – German submarine attacked the Lusitania, a British passenger ship. The Germans believed the ship was secretly carrying weapons to Britain. The Germans believed the ship was secretly carrying weapons to Britain. Killed 1,000 people, including 128 Americans. Killed 1,000 people, including 128 Americans. Wilson struggles to maintain neutrality. Wilson struggles to maintain neutrality.

Partner Discussion Describe Germany’s warnings regarding their use of submarine warfare. Why did they feel it necessary to publicize these warnings? Describe Germany’s warnings regarding their use of submarine warfare. Why did they feel it necessary to publicize these warnings? List three reasons why President Wilson maintained neutrality despite the threat of Germany’s U-boats. List three reasons why President Wilson maintained neutrality despite the threat of Germany’s U-boats.

Change in German War Strategy On Christmas Day 1915, Falkenhayn (German Chief of Staff) wrote a letter to Kaiser Wilhelm (leader of Germany) to revise war strategy. Falkenhayn argued that the key to winning the war was not Russia – whom he believed was on the point of revolution & subsequent withdrawal from the war – but on the Western Front. He reasoned that if France could be defeated, Britain would in all likelihood seek terms with Germany, or else be defeated in turn. He believed that Britain formed the foundation of the Allied effort against Germany and that she must be removed from the war. To that end he recommended implementation of a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant shipping, a policy directed squarely at starving Britain.

Closer to War Allies suffer major losses and beg the U.S. for help. Allies suffer major losses and beg the U.S. for help. Germany announces an unrestricted submarine campaign Germany announces an unrestricted submarine campaign Germans sink U.S. supply ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilante. Germans sink U.S. supply ships City of Memphis, Illinois, and Vigilante – Congress expands Army, National Guard, and Navy. (mobilization) 1916 – Congress expands Army, National Guard, and Navy. (mobilization) Wilson issues an ultimatum to Germany: unless they abandon unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships, the U.S. would break off diplomatic relations……. Germany promised to comply Wilson issues an ultimatum to Germany: unless they abandon unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships, the U.S. would break off diplomatic relations……. Germany promised to comply

Zimmerman Note In January 1917, Arthur Zimmerman, a German official, proposed a deal with Mexico. In January 1917, Arthur Zimmerman, a German official, proposed a deal with Mexico. Mexico should ally itself with Germany to attack the U.S. Mexico should ally itself with Germany to attack the U.S. In return, Mexico would receive land lost to the U.S. in In return, Mexico would receive land lost to the U.S. in A British official intercepted Zimmerman’s telegram and spread the news to the U.S. A British official intercepted Zimmerman’s telegram and spread the news to the U.S.

Presidential Address to the Senate Even after the Zimmerman Telegram, Wilson was still reluctant to declare war. Even after the Zimmerman Telegram, Wilson was still reluctant to declare war. In an effort to justify neutrality he held a meeting with the Senate on January 22, In an effort to justify neutrality he held a meeting with the Senate on January 22, At this meeting he gave one of his most famous addresses in which he supports Moral Diplomacy and an attempted compromise with all nations at war. It’s seen as his final effort to bring compromise, peace, and an end to war. At this meeting he gave one of his most famous addresses in which he supports Moral Diplomacy and an attempted compromise with all nations at war. It’s seen as his final effort to bring compromise, peace, and an end to war. This speech will become the foundation for the League of Nations. This speech will become the foundation for the League of Nations. For homework, you are going to read Wilson’s Address to the Senate and write a 3-paragraph analysis: For homework, you are going to read Wilson’s Address to the Senate and write a 3-paragraph analysis: Summary of his important points (link to Moral Diplomacy and U.S. neutrality) Summary of his important points (link to Moral Diplomacy and U.S. neutrality) Plans for the future (How can the world achieve peace?) Plans for the future (How can the world achieve peace?) Your personal response (Is compromise or peace possible? Do you agree with Wilson’s ideas?) Your personal response (Is compromise or peace possible? Do you agree with Wilson’s ideas?)

Britain was not innocent either… By November 1914, Great Britain was the strongest naval power in the world, so they used their power to: By November 1914, Great Britain was the strongest naval power in the world, so they used their power to: Mine the North Sea Mine the North Sea Blockade goods to Germany Blockade goods to Germany Seized shipments of non-military supplies from the U.S. that were bound for neutral ports Seized shipments of non-military supplies from the U.S. that were bound for neutral ports Increased their list of contraband, or prohibited supplies Increased their list of contraband, or prohibited supplies Broke international law by searching neutral merchant ships Broke international law by searching neutral merchant ships Why do you think the U.S. would punish Germany for breaking international law, but not Britain? Why do you think the U.S. would punish Germany for breaking international law, but not Britain? Pro-British sympathy among influential government officials: Pro-British sympathy among influential government officials: Secretary of State Robert Lansing Secretary of State Robert Lansing Wilson’s personal advisor, Edward M. House Wilson’s personal advisor, Edward M. House U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Walter Hines Page U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Walter Hines Page The British blockade affected property but not lives. The German blockade threatened both. The British blockade affected property but not lives. The German blockade threatened both.

BELLWORK: Block 1 1. What was the purpose of Wilson’s January 22 nd address to the Senate? 2. During his speech, Wilson emphasized that peace only exists between equals. What do you think he means by this? Do you agree? 3. List five things Wilson deemed necessary in order to establish a “permanent peace.” 4. THINKER: Read the last paragraph on pg. 3 in which Wilson proposed that “the nations should with one accord adopt the doctrine of President Monroe as the doctrine of the world…..” What do you think he means by this? Does this contradict his previous ideas of equality? Do you agree with this?

WWI Homefront Preparation and Effects in the Americas

War Effort at Home Like countries in Europe, the U.S. prepared for war despite the fact that it had not yet been declared. Like countries in Europe, the U.S. prepared for war despite the fact that it had not yet been declared. How does a country prepare for war? How does a country prepare for war? In groups, you will read about a specific action the U.S. took during WWI. In groups, you will read about a specific action the U.S. took during WWI. As you read, decide on the most important concepts. As you read, decide on the most important concepts. As a group, you will teach the class about your topic. As a group, you will teach the class about your topic. They will be taking a couple notes so make sure you are clear and confident about your topic! They will be taking a couple notes so make sure you are clear and confident about your topic!

War Effort at Home Liberty Bonds Liberty Bonds Rationing Rationing Victory Gardens Victory Gardens The Draft The Draft Internal Fear Internal Fear Women’s Roles Women’s Roles

What should Wilson do? Even after Germany broke several ultimatums and promises, Wilson still wished to avoid war. Even after Germany broke several ultimatums and promises, Wilson still wished to avoid war. At this point, American citizens and the government supported a war to stop German aggression. At this point, American citizens and the government supported a war to stop German aggression. In the early days of March 1917, Wilson secluded himself for almost ten days, only seeing a few top advisors In the early days of March 1917, Wilson secluded himself for almost ten days, only seeing a few top advisors From all sides the President was bombarded with advice for war and for peace From all sides the President was bombarded with advice for war and for peace Then, on March 18 th, German U-boats sank three more unarmed American ships, also without warning. Then, on March 18 th, German U-boats sank three more unarmed American ships, also without warning. Two days later, on March 20 th, Wilson held a three hour Cabinet meeting to hear opinions about what should be done. Two days later, on March 20 th, Wilson held a three hour Cabinet meeting to hear opinions about what should be done. Ultimately, he decides to declare war on April 2, Ultimately, he decides to declare war on April 2, 1917.

REVIEW

President Wilson’s War Message April 2, 1917 You will now read President Wilson’s war message to Congress. You will now read President Wilson’s war message to Congress. As you read, highlight/take notes, but focus on….. As you read, highlight/take notes, but focus on….. WHY neutrality was no longer an option WHY neutrality was no longer an option WHY the U.S. declared war WHY the U.S. declared war HOW the U.S. will prepare for war HOW the U.S. will prepare for war

U.S. Involvement Between Peace and War

What should Wilson do? Even after Germany broke several ultimatums and promises, Wilson still wished to avoid war. Even after Germany broke several ultimatums and promises, Wilson still wished to avoid war. At this point, American citizens and the government supported a war to stop German aggression. At this point, American citizens and the government supported a war to stop German aggression. In the early days of March 1917, Wilson secluded himself for almost ten days, only seeing a few top advisors In the early days of March 1917, Wilson secluded himself for almost ten days, only seeing a few top advisors From all sides the President was bombarded with advice for war and for peace From all sides the President was bombarded with advice for war and for peace Then, on March 18 th, German U-boats sank three more unarmed American ships, also without warning. Then, on March 18 th, German U-boats sank three more unarmed American ships, also without warning. Two days later, on March 20 th, Wilson held a three hour Cabinet meeting to hear opinions about what should be done. Two days later, on March 20 th, Wilson held a three hour Cabinet meeting to hear opinions about what should be done.

Between Peace and War The question on everyone's’ mind - should President Wilson ask Congress to declare war on Germany? The question on everyone's’ mind - should President Wilson ask Congress to declare war on Germany? Now it’s time for you to decide!!!! Now it’s time for you to decide!!!! The class is going to be divided into groups of 4. The class is going to be divided into groups of 4. Each group has a different argument or point they will focus on (money, international law, propaganda, death toll) Each group has a different argument or point they will focus on (money, international law, propaganda, death toll) This exercise is based on the Cabinet meeting which President Wilson held on March 20, 1917 to hear opinions about the possibility of war. This exercise is based on the Cabinet meeting which President Wilson held on March 20, 1917 to hear opinions about the possibility of war. After the groups read their viewpoints, a representative will summarize their argument. After the groups read their viewpoints, a representative will summarize their argument. Be ready to participate! Be ready to participate!

Cabinet Meeting Role Play To start: To start: Independently read your groups’ position and answer the following: Independently read your groups’ position and answer the following: What is your groups’ position on entering WWI? What is your groups’ position on entering WWI? List three examples that back up the opinion or argument. List three examples that back up the opinion or argument.

PRO-WARPRO-NEUTRALITY