Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE Miscellaneous Eduard Latõšov

Cogeneration Contents Fuel cells Geothermal

Cogeneration

POWER PLANT FUEL MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICITY WASTE HEAT USEFUL POWER WASTE ENERGY STEAM CYCLE ENGINE OR TURBINE COOLERS – HEAT IS WASTED POWER ONLY

POWER PLANT FUEL MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICITY HEAT USEFUL POWER USEFULL HEAT STEAM CYCLE ENGINE OR TURBINE Cogeneration COGENERATION

POWER PLANT FUEL MECHANICAL ENERGY ELECTRICITY HEAT USEFUL POWER USEFULL HEAT COGENERATION: power, and/or heat (example:district heating), and/or mechanical energy, and/or steam and/or cooling Cogeneration COGENERATION Source:

COGENERATION IS POSSIBLE WHEN CONSUMERS ARE AVAILABLE AND SUPPLY OF PRODUCED ENERGY IS FEASIBLE (COMPETETIVE) PRICE. COGENERATION IS SUISTANABLE WAY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION Cogeneration GENERAL SUMMARY

FUEL CELLS

CORE ELEMENT – HYDROGEN How to produce? Electrolysis Biomass or Natural Gas Conversion (mainly steam reforming) Solar Conversion HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

FUEL CELLS MORE TYPES: ALKALINE ELECTROLYZERS, SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS READ MORE: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION - Electrolysis

FUEL CELLS Researchers in Germany have made a breakthrough with the development of a cost- effective and efficient solar fuel device that can store nearly 5% of solar energy in the form of hydrogen. Read more: cell-design_ /#ixzz3zf0eNnmy cell-design_ /#ixzz3zf0eNnmy HYDROGEN PRODUCTION - Solar Conversion 31. JULY 2013

FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION – Steam reforming Steam and hydrocarbon enter the reactor as feedstock, and hydrogen and carbon dioxide are generated at the end of the process. The process is governed by the reactions Source: the carbon dioxide release

FUEL CELLS Source: POWER PRODUCTION

FUEL CELLS READ MORE: Mainly discussed Other types FC MAIN TYPES

FUEL CELLS FC MAIN TYPES MAIN DIFFERENCES - Materials for anode and cathode - Electrolyte (solid, liquid, toxic, etc) - Operating temperatuure COSTS APPLICATIONS

FUEL CELLS Fachhochschule Stralsund Source: stralsund.de/ps/tools/download.php?file=/internet/dms/psfile/docfile/40/Research_a5 3d8b3d003eb2.pdf&name=Research_and_Education_in_the_field_of_Renewable_E nergies_2.pdf&disposition=inline R&D. Example

FUEL CELLS Source: stralsund.de/ps/tools/download.php?file=/internet/dms/psfile/docfile/40/Research_a5 3d8b3d003eb2.pdf&name=Research_and_Education_in_the_field_of_Renewable_E nergies_2.pdf&disposition=inline GRID OPERATION TRANSPORT R&D. Example Fachhochschule Stralsund

FUEL CELLS Source: Hydrogen vehicles

Source: FUEL CELLS Hydrogen vehicles

FUEL CELLS Source ( ): Hydrogen vehicles

FUEL CELLS Source ( ): Hydrogen vehicles

FUEL CELLS IN GENERAL: Sustainable electricity to produce HYDROGEN means SUSTANABLE HYDROGEN

Geothermal

Geothermal typically provides base-load generation, since it is generally immune from weather effects and does not show seasonal variation. Capacity factors of new geothermal power plants can reach up to 95%. The base-load characteristic of geothermal power distinguishes it from several other renewable technologies that produce variable power. In 2012, global geothermal power capacity was 11.4 GW and generated around 72 TWh of electricity. Geothermal electricity provides a significant share of total electricity demand in Iceland (25%), El Salvador (22%), Kenya and the Philippines (17% each), and Costa Rica (13%). GEOTHERMAL STATISTICS Global electricity generation in 2013 was TWh

GEOTHERMAL Dry steam plants, which make up about a quarter of geothermal capacity today, directly utilise dry steam that is piped from production wells to the plant and then to the turbine. Control of steam flow to meet electricity demand fluctuations is easier than in flash steam plants, where continuous up-flow in the wells is required to avoid gravity collapse of the liquid phase Flash steam plants, which make up about two-thirds of geothermal installed capacity today, are used where water- dominated reservoirs have temperatures above 180°C. In these high-temperature reservoirs, the liquid water component boils, or “flashes,” as pressure drops. Separated steam is piped to a turbine to generate electricity and the remaining hot water may be flashed again twice (double flash plant) or three times (triple flash) at progressively lower pressures and temperatures, to obtain more steam. TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production

GEOTHERMAL Binary plants constitute the fastest-growing group of geothermal plants, because they are able to also use the low- to medium- temperature resources, which are more prevalent. Binary plants, using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or a Kalina cycle, typically operate with temperatures varying from as low as 73°C (at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska) to 180°C. In these plants, heat is recovered from the geothermal fluid using heat exchangers to vaporise an organic fluid with a low boiling point (e.g. butane or pentane in the ORC cycle and an ammonia-water mixture in the Kalina cycle), and drive a turbine. Today, binary plants have an 11% share of the installed global generating capacity and a 44% share in terms of the number of plants. TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production

Geothermal technologies using hot rock resources could potentially enable geothermal energy to make a much larger contribution to world energy supply. Technologies that utilize hot rock resources are also known as enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS). These systems aim at using the earth’s heat where no or insufficient steam/hot water is available or where permeability is low. EGS plants differ from conventional plants only as far as heat/steam extraction is concerned. EGS technology, therefore, is centred on engineering and creating large heat exchange areas in hot rock. The process involves enhancing permeability by opening pre-existing fractures and/or creating new fractures. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES EGS

GEOTHERMAL Geothermal energy can also provide heat. Even geothermal resources at temperatures of 20°C to 30°C (e.g. flood water in abandoned mines) may be useful to meet space heating demand or other low-temperature applications. Geothermal “heat-only” plants can feed a district heating system, as can the hot water remaining from electricity generation, which can also be used in applications demanding successively lower temperatures. Because transport of heat has limitations, geothermal heat can only be used where a demand exists in the vicinity of the resource TECHNOLOGIES Heat production

GEOTHERMAL GENERAL SUMMARY Conventional geothermal is a mature technology that can provide baseload power or year-round supply of heat. The resource can be exploited only in favourable regions (a constraint that can be relaxed when EGS systems are ready to be commercialised). Matching heat demand to resource availability can be difficult given the costs and difficulty of transporting heat long distances.