1. Orkustofnun The National Energy Authority EQM The Nordic and the Global Perspective Nordic Showroom on Energy Quality Management Reykjavik – Harpa 27-28 August 2014 Prof. dr. Gudni A Jóhannesson Director General

2. Nordic Showroom on Energy Quality Management Reykjavik – Harpa 28-29 August 2014 The conference is held by Orkustofnun, The National Energy Authority in Iceland, with support from The Nordic Council of Ministers

3. A body directly under the Ministry of Industries and Innovation Advising the government and the public on energy issues Public administration of energy and mineral resources utilisation Licencing research, exploration and operation of hydro-, and geothermal power Regulator for the electrical grid Licencing exploration and extraction of oil and gas Licencing exploration and mining of mineral resources Host organisation for the UNU geothermal training program in Iceland Orkustofnun - The Icelandic National Energy Authority

4. 1 Originally by Cullen & Allwood 2010 Global Primary Energy Use 2006

5. Global EQM Potential Total Primary energy use 475 TWh Total Primary energy use 475 TWh Heating 233 TWH Saving potential by Energy Quality Management 150 TWh? Saving potential by Energy Quality Management 150 TWh? Total coal burning 127 TWh Total coal burning 127 TWh 2006 values

6. Use

7. Quality of energy Quality of energy is the proportion of the stored energy that can be used to generate work. 0T00T0 r Q r T r Q r Work

8. Definition of Exergy and Energy Quality Heat reservoir Mechanical work - Exergy Heat flow Anergy Environment Quality of energy at T1 (Max exergy output)/energy Exergy destroying processes Electricity or fuels converted directly to heat Mixing of water at different temperatures Friction losses in fluid flow

9. Energy consists of Exergy kWh The part of the available energy that can theoretically be converted to mechanical energy Anergy kWh The difference between the energy and the exergy

10. Thermodynamical laws 1. law Energy can be converted from one form to another but energy can neither be produced nor consumed Energy can not be consumed 2. law For all energy conversion processes in a closed system the Exergy of the new state will always be lower than in the beginning state. Exergy is consumed

11. Reference temperature T 0 We define T 0 as a representative temperature of the lowest heat source for the system e.g. 273.15 K (degrees Kelvin) or -0 o C 0T00T0 r Q r T r Q r Heat reservoir Reference temperature

12. Exergy X for a heat source depending on temperature 0T00T0 r Q r m c T r Q r m c W Temperature Proportion exergy Ref temperature

13. 400kW Geothermal Power Plant at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska A fluid, R-134a, with lower boiling point than water passes through a heat exchanger with 165°F/74 o C water from our geothermal wells. Heat from the geothermal water causes the R-134a to flash to vapor which then drives the turbine.

14. Chena Ice Hotel

15. The Deep Drilling Project >500 O C 250 O C

16. Exergy in >> mg  h Must be a solution Friction Mechanical work transformed into heat Exergy is destroyed

17. Exergy in reduced by 80 % The pyramid will be finished in 86 years Rolling sticks Less friction Less mechanical work transformed into heat Exergy is saved

18. Elecricity Non visible radiation and heat Light exergy 14 lumen/W 75 lumen/W Light exergy

19. Indoor climate criteria Shukuyas Exergy Minimum Predicted mean vote by Fanger

20. Heat pump – highest theoretical COP Source temperature O C

21. Heat pumps – measured COP Fig. 1: Values of COP for brine/water heat pumps (as used typically in geothermal heat pump systems), measured in the Heat Pump Test Centre Toess (extract from http://www.wpz.ch/)

22. Energy Quality Management Community Level

23. Nordic EQM Related Development Co - generation District heating District cooling Heat pumps Geo exchange Waste heat management Low temperature heating – floor heating Low temperature cooling – cooling beams

24. Energy market

25. Investment cost for solar 95000MUSD/28 Gigawatts ca 3,4 MUSD/MW Utilisation time < 2000 h Variable production Investment cost for Icelandic geothermal ca 3 MUSD/MW – Utilisation time > 8000 h - base load production

26. The price for Exergy Reykjavik Energy – marginal cost –Electricity Energy price 8,81 kr/kWh Exergy prioce 8,81 kr/kWh –Hot water Energy price 65,23 kr/m 3  T=(80-40) K 46,4 kWst 1,41 kr/kWh Exergy price (353,15/273,15) = 11,4 KWh 5,72 kr/kWh

27. ICELAND 1945 - 2010 http://www2.stjr.is/frr/thst/rit/sogulegt/english.htm http://www.os.is/ Per capita Normalized to 100 in 2005 Year

28. Thank you