Matter and Energy

Why do smell perfume or food? Can you smell vanilla ?

Kinetic theory of matter 1)All matter is made up of tiny particles (atoms, molecules) 2)These particles are always in motion 3)At the same temperature, more massive particles move slower than less massive particles

Temperature and motion of particles The lower the temp, the slower the particles Absolute zero (-273°C) all particle motion stops

State of matter and motion of particles How fast the particles move determines the state of matter of the object can be in

Solids Particles are tightly bound to other particles Positions in the object are fixed The motion of particles is limited to vibration

Solids can have two types of arrangements Crystalline: orderly, repeated throughout the object Amorphous: not orderly, repeatable Both are solids because atoms are tightly bound to each other, just vibrations

Liquids Particles move more rapidly than solids Particles can slide past each other, not as tightly bound A greater freedom of motion, but not uninhibited

Gases Fastest particles Nearly impossible to bind particles together Uninhibited (will go anywhere that is possible)

Relationship between states and object’s shape and volume particle’s speed and energy SolidLiquidgas shapeDefiniteDefined by container Defined by container volumeDefinite Defined by container speedslowfasterfastest energyLeast per particle More per particle Most per particle

Plasmas State of matter No definite shape Particles may be broken apart 99% of all matter in universe is plasma

Plasma Similar to gases, but with some differences Conduct electricity (gases do not) Affected by magnetic, electric fields (gases do not) Examples Lightning, fire, aurora borealis

Type of energy that the particles have? If they move, it must be kinetic energy Motion on microscopic scale is felt as heat on our scale Therefore kinetic energy associated with the motion of particles is called Thermal energy

Amount of thermal energy in an object Depends on: The amount of motion of each particle The number of particle that make up the substance

Thermal energy may not uniformly distributed in an object

How can Solids can have more thermal energy than Gases?

A lighted match and the air around

Temperature Is the measure of the average kinetic energy of all the particles in an object Temperature and heat are related but not the same concept Heat is the transfer of energy from higher energy particles to lower energy particles.

Temperature Is not related to how much material is in the object

Changes in states of matter Require a change in the kinetic energy of the particles that make it up