1. Chapter 3.1 Matter and Energy
States of Matter

2. As we work on this unit …
Make sure you can describe the effects of adding energy to matter in terms of the motion of atoms and molecules, and the resulting phase changes.

3. How is the state of a substance determined?
Kinetic Theory
All matter is made of atoms and molecules. These are tiny particles that are always in motion.
The higher the temperature of the substance is, the faster the particles move.
The amount and types of particle motion determines the state or phase of a substance.

4. Kinetic Energy & Temperature
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion (movement).
Kinetic energy is measured as TEMPERATURE
More movement = more kinetic energy = higher temperature
When a substance is heated, the particles absorb energy, which increases the motion of the particles (kinetic energy)

5. Relationship between Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Kinetic Energy (increasing) T e m p r a t u
Absolute Zero

6. Absolute Zero
Absolute zero – This is the temperature at which the motion of particles stops.
This occurs at –273 C or 0 K.
These are the LOWEST POSSIBLE TEMPERATURES!
Kelvin scale is a scale for measuring kinetic energy
a substance at 100 K has half the kinetic energy as a substance at 200 K

7. States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Bose-Einstein Condensate
What is a phase?
This is a state that a substance is in, which depends on the amount of energy in its particles
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate

8. States of Matter: Solids, Liquids, and Gases Overview

9. States of Matter and Energy
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

12. Types of Particle Motion
Rotation – spinning in place
Vibration – shaking in place
Translation – moving from place to place

13. Solids Solids have fixed volume Solids have a fixed shape
Particles are locked in place
Particles are closely-packed
Particles are arranged in a pattern
Particles vibrate and rotate in place.

14. Liquids Liquid volumes do not change
Liquids can change shape; they will conform to their container.
Particles rotate and vibrate, and they can also translate
Particles are closely packed
Particles are irregular arrangement (no pattern)

15. Gases Gases can change volume Gases can change shape
Particles moving fast enough to break away from each other
Particles of a gas rotate, vibrate and translate

16. Plasma
Plasma is common! 99% of known matter in the universe is plasma.
Plasmas can change shape and volume.
Plasmas have so much energy that this phase forms a gas of highly energetic, charged particles called ions.

17. Plasma

18. Energy’s Role
Temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
The more kinetic energy the particles have, the higher the temperature
This is not determined by the amount of the substance you have
Thermal Energy: the total kinetic energy of a substance’s atoms
There is more energy in a large sample of matter than in a small sample at the same temperature

19. Kinetic Energy
At the same temperature, more massive particles move slower than less massive ones.

20. Thermal Energy TOTAL Kinetic energy of a substance.
Depends on the number of particles in that substance!
Which has a higher kinetic energy?
Which has the higher thermal energy?

21. Thermal Energy Example
Think about boiling water. If you are splashed with a drop of boiling water, you say “OUCH!” but you are fine!
If you are splashed with a cup of boiling water, you will likely have burns that need to be treated by a doctor.
MORE mass = MORE energy