1 CHEMISTRY IS THE STUDY OF MATTER AND ITS MAKEUP ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS CHARACTERISTICS CHANGES AND REACTIONS

2 MATTER ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE

3 MASS HOW MUCH MATTER IS IN AN OBJECT UNITS ARE GRAMS

4 WEIGHT HOW MUCH GRAVITATIONAL FORCE BETWEEN AN OBJECT AND THE EARTH UNITS ARE LBS OR NEWTONS NOT THE SAME AS MASS!

5 QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE OBSERVATIONS DESCRIBE A SUBSTANCE WITHOUT USING NUMBERS QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATIONS DESCRIBE A SUBSTANCE USING NUMBERS

6 MASS MEASUREMENTS USE ELECTRONIC BALANCE UNITS ARE GRAMS THREE METHODS

7 MASS MEASUREMENT METHODS DIRECT MASSING MEASURING OUT MASS BY DIFFERENCE

8 DIRECT MASSING PUT OBJECT ON PAN READ MASS

9 MEASURING OUT PUT EMPTY CONTAINER ON PAN RESET TO IGNORE MASS OF CONTAINER PUT STUFF INTO CONTAINER UNTIL BALANCE READS AMOUNT YOU WANT

10 MASS BY DIFFERENCE DIRECT MASS CONTAINER WITH STUFF ALREADY IN IT EMPTY AND CLEAN CONTAINER (DON’T USE A DIFFERENT ONE) DIRECT MASS EMPTY CLEANED CONTAINER SUBSTRACT MASSES TO FIND MASS OF STUFF

11 LIQUID VOLUME MEASUREMENTS LIQUIDS FORM CURVED SURFACE CALLED A MENISCUS READ VOLUME AT THE BOTTOM OF THE MENISCUS EYE POSITION IS IMPORTANT

12 PARALLAX ERROR IN READING A SCALE DUE TO WRONG EYE POSITION

13 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS MAKE SURE LIQUID INSIDE DOES NOT HAVE ANY SEPARATIONS KEEP BULB IN LIQUID DO NOT TOUCH THERMOMETER AGAINST SIDES OR BOTTOM

14 LAW TELLS WHAT HAPPENS DOES NOT EXPLAIN HOW OR WHY

15 HYPOTHESIS EXPLAINS HOW OR WHY SOMETHING HAPPENS BASED ON LIMITED INFORMATION

16 SCIENTIFIC METHOD A WAY OF FINDING ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ABOUT HOW OR WHY THINGS HAPPEN

17 METHOD II ASK A HOW OR WHY QUESTION FORM A HYPOTHESIS TEST HYPOTHESIS ANALYZE THE RESULTS FORM A CONCLUSION

18 THEORY EXPLAINS HOW OR WHY SOMETHING HAPPENS BASED ON LOTS OF REPEATABLE INFORMATION IS A WELL TESTED AND ACCEPTED HYPOTHESIS

19 EXAMPLE LAW AND THEORY LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS STATES MASS INTO REACTION EQUALS MASS OUT OF IT EXPLAINED BY ATOMIC THEORY

20 VARIABLES INDEPENDENT - YOU DECIDE / CONTROL IT DEPENDENT - YOU MEASURE IT TO SEE HOW IT CHANGES AS YOU CHANGE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

21 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A WAY OF WRITING VERY LARGE OR SMALL NUMBERS WITHOUT SO MANY ZEROS NUMBERS WRITTEN IN THE FORM OF nn x 10 x nn IS CALLED THE COEFFICIENT AND MUST BE BETWEEN 1 AND 10 x IS CALLED THE EXPONENT, CAN BE ANY + OR - INTEGER

22 SCI NOT EXAMPLES 1000 = 150,000 = 2,530,000 = = = =

23 CHANGING FROM SCI NOT TO STANDARD 1.5 x 10 7 = 4.9 x = 6.02 x = 5.8 x = 6.24 x = 9.1 x =

24 UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENTS ACCURACY IS HOW CLOSE A MEASUREMENT IS TO THE “TRUE VALUE” PRECISION IS HOW CLOSE REPEATED MEASUREMENTS ARE TO EACH OTHER

25 DESCRIBE THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION

26 DESCRIBE THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION CONTINUED

27 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ALSO CALLED SIGNIFICANT DIGITS ALL THE CERTAIN NUMBERS FROM A MEASUREMENT PLUS ONE ESTIMATED DIGIT CERTAIN MEANS BASED ON A SCALE LINE OF KNOWN VALUE ESTIMATE BETWEEN LINES FOR LAST DIGIT

28 ATLANTIC PACIFIC SIG FIG RULE ATLANTIC = DECIMAL POINT ABSENT IF ABSENT, START AT ATLANTIC OCEAN (RIGHT) SIDE AND BEGIN COUNTING WHEN YOU GET TO 1ST NONZERO DIGIT - COUNT ALL AFTER THAT TOWARD LEFT BAR OVER/UNDER A ZERO MEANS SIGNIFICANT

29 A-P SIG FIG RULE II PACIFIC = DECIMAL POINT PRESENT IF PRESENT, START AT PACIFIC OCEAN (LEFT) SIDE AND BEGIN COUNTING WHEN YOU GET TO 1ST NONZERO DIGIT - COUNT ALL AFTER THAT TOWARD RIGHT

30 SIG FIG EXAMLES 1,000 HAS 1010 HAS HAS HAS HAS HAS 1,000 HAS

31 MULTIPLYING AND DIVIDING WITH SIG FIGS ANSWER MAY NOT HAVE MORE SIG FIGS THAN LEAST NUMBER OF SIG FIGS IN DATA

32 EXAMPLE x AND ÷ 21 / 8 = (ANSWER MUST BE ROUNDED TO __ SINCE 8 ONLY HAS __ SIG FIG) 4.2 x 1.26 = (ANSWER MUST BE ROUNDED TO ____ SINCE 4.2 ONLY HAS __ SIG FIGS)

33 ADDING AND SUBTRACTING WITH SIG FIGS ANSWER MAY NOT HAVE MORE SIG FIGS THAN LEAST IN ADDED OR SUBTRACTED VALUES ANSWER MAY NOT HAVE MORE DECIMAL PLACES THAN THE LEAST NUMBER DECIMAL PLACES IN DATA

34 EXAMPLE + AND = 9.39 (MUST BE ROUNDED TO ___ SINCE 4.1 ONLY HAS ___ DECIMAL PLACE) = (MUST BE ROUNDED TO ____ SINCE 9.78 ONLY HAS ____ DECIMAL PLACES) = 2985 (MUST BE ROUNDED TO 3000 SINCE ONLY 1 SIG FIG ALLOWED)

35 METRIC SYSTEM HAS BASE UNITS FOR VARIOUS MEASUREMENTS LARGER AND SMALLER UNITS ARE MULTIPLES OF 10 PREFIXES SHOW WHICH MULTIPLE

36 BASE UNITS LENGTH – METER (m) MASS – GRAM (g) TIME – SECOND (s) VOLUME – LITER (L)

37 PREFIX RELATIONSHIPS ┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼──┼ Kilo Hecto Deka Base Deci Centi Milli Micro KING HENRY DIED BY DRINKING CHOCOLATE MILK

38 PREFIXES YOU MUST KNOW KILO – 1000 DECI - 1/10 CENTI – 1/100 MILLI – 1/1000 MICRO - 1/1,000,000

39 SYMBOLS FOR PREFIXES KILO – k DECI - d CENTI – c MILLI – m MICRO - 

40 PRACTICE CONVERSIONS 25 cm = ? mm 50 mL = ? L 1.3 m = ? km 325 mg = ?  g 84.3 dL = ? cL 1.4 g = ?  g

41 SCALE ON METRIC RULER LONG LINES ARE CENTIMETERS SHORT LINES ARE MILLIMETERS

42 SCALE ON TAPE MEASURE

43 NUMBER OF DIGITS CONSISTENT WITH SCALE TOO MANY DIGITS IMPLIES A FINER CALIBRATED SCALE TOO FEW DIGITS IMPLIES A COARSER CALIBRATED SCALE

44 VERNIER SCALES HAVE A FIXED AND A MOVABLE SIDE WITH SCALES LAST DIGIT IS EASIER TO ESTIMATE READ FROM FIXED SCALE LINE THAT IS ALIGNED WITH MOVABLE SCALE LINE

45 VERNIER CALIPER astr.gsu.edu/hbase/class/phscilab/vernier.htmlhttp://hyperphysics.phy- astr.gsu.edu/hbase/class/phscilab/vernier.html

46 SMALL SOLID VOLUME BY WATER DISPLACEMENT PARTIALLY FILL AND READ LIQUID LEVEL IN GRADUATED CYLINDER CAREFULLY ADD SOLID READ NEW LIQUID LEVEL SUBTRACT READINGS TO GET VOLUME OF SOLID

47 LARGE SOLID VOLUME BY WATER DISPLACEMENT FILL OVERFLOW CAN AND ALLOW TO OVERFLOW OUT SPOUT UNTIL IT STOPS PUT CLEAN DRY CONTAINER UNDER SPOUT

48 LARGE SOLID II CAREFULLY PUT SOLID INTO OVERFLOW CAN WHILE CATCHING DISPLACED WATER MEASURE VOLUME OF DISPLACED WATER IN GRADUATED CYLINDER DISPLACED WATER VOLUME = SOLID VOLUME

49 GRADUATED DEVICES BEAKERS AND FLASKS SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR ACCURATE AMOUNTS GRADUATED CYLINDERS ARE MORE EXACT

50 DO I SHAKE OUT THE LAST DROP? TC – TO CONTAIN, YES SHAKE OUT REMAINING SUBSTANCE TD – TO DELIVER, NO DO NOT SHAKE OUT REMAINING SUBSTANCE

51 VOLUME RELATIONSHIP 1 mL = 1 cc

52 DENSITY HOW MUCH MASS IS IN A GIVEN SPACE DENSITY = MASS / VOLUME TYPICAL UNITS ARE g/mL OR g/cc

53 EXAMPLE DENSITY CALC WHAT IS THE DENSITY OF A ROCK THAT HAS A MASS OF 12.5 g AND A VOLUME OF 5.2 cc?