1. Chapter 2
Data Analysis

2. What’s wrong with this sign?

3. Temperature
30°C 30°F

4. Système Internationale d’ Unités
SI unit

5. Prefixes used with SI units

6. English vs. Metric Units
Which is longer?
A. 1 mile or 1 kilometer
B. 1 yard or 1 meter
C. 1 inch or 1 centimeter
1.6 kilometers
1 mile
1 yard = meters
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
Left Image: Right Image:

7. m km mm cm Metric Units of Length
The basic unit of length in the metric system in the meter and is represented by a lowercase m.
Metric Units
1 Kilometer (km) = 1000 meters
1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm)
1 Meter = 1000 Millimeters (mm)
Which is larger?
A. 1 meter or 105 centimeters
B. 4 kilometers or 4400 meters
C. 12 centimeters or 102 millimeters
D millimeters or 1 meter

8. 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
Measuring Length
How many millimeters are in 1 centimeter?
1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm
What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm
What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cm

9. English vs. Metric Units
1 pound = grams
Which is larger?
1. 1 Pound or 100 Grams
2. 1 Kilogram or 1 Pound
3. 1 Ounce or 1000 Milligrams
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
1 ounce of gold = 28,349.5 milligrams

10. Kilogram Prototype Image - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram
Metric Units of mass kg mg g
Mass refers to the amount of matter in an object.
The base unit of mass in the metric system in the kilogram and is represented by kg.
Metric Units
1 Kilogram (km) = 1000 Grams (g)
1 Gram (g) = 1000 Milligrams (mg)
Which is larger?
A. 1 kilogram or 1500 grams
B milligrams or 1 gram
C. 12 milligrams or 12 kilograms
D. 4 kilograms or 4500 grams
Kilogram Prototype Image -

11. English vs. Metric Units
Which is larger?
A. 1 liter or 1 gallon
B. 1 liter or 1 quart
C. 1 milliliter or 1 fluid ounce
1 fl oz = ml
1 12-oz can of soda would equal approximately 355 ml.
1 gallon = 3.79 liters
It would take approximately 3 ¾ 1-liter bottles to equal a gallon.
1 quart = liters

12. Metric Units kL cL mL L
Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.
The base unit of volume in the metric system in the liter and is represented by L or l.
Metric Units
1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
1 milliliter (mL) = 1 cm3 (or cc) = 1 gram*
Which is larger?
A. 1 liter or 1500 milliliters
B. 200 milliliters or 1.2 liters
C. 12 cm3 or 1.2 milliliters*

13. Measuring Volume
We will be using graduated cylinders to find the volume of liquids and other objects.
Read the measurement based on the bottom of the meniscus or curve. When using a real cylinder, make sure you are eye-level with the level of the water.
What is the volume of water in the cylinder? _____mL
What causes the meniscus?
A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the liquid attract those of the container. The glass attracts the water on the sides.

14. Measuring Liquid Volume
What is the volume of water in each cylinder?
Images created at A B C
Pay attention to the scales for each cylinder.

15. Measuring Solid Volume
10 cm
9 cm
8 cm
We can measure the volume of regular object using the formula length x width x height.
_____ X _____ X _____ = _____
We can measure the volume of irregular object using water displacement.
Amount of H2O with object = ______ About of H2O without object = ______ Difference = Volume = ______

16. Temperature Scales How hot? How cold?
direction of Heat Transfer
Celsius – C Freezing Point of Water
100 0C Boiling Point of Water
Kelvin = C° + 273
No degree signs are used
O Kelvin = C
coldest possible temperature

17. What is the metric unit for…?
Length – size
meter (m)
Mass – amount of matter
Kilogram (kg) or gram (g)
Volume – space something takes up
Liter (l) or centimeters cubed (cm3)
Temperature – amount of heat
Kelvin (K) = celsius + 273

18. Density Measure of how much matter is squeezed into a given space
density = mass
volume

19. Which one is more dense?
A block of wood and a block of steel have the same volume

20. What do you think?
What happens to the density of an object if it is cut into pieces?
Which has the greater density, a single uranium atom or Earth?

21. Scientific Notation coefficient x 10 raised to a power
Single gram of hydrogen
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 molecules =
6.02 x 1023 molecules
Mass of an atom of gold
grams =
3.27 x grams

22. Practice
36,000
3.6 x 104
503,000,000
5.03 x 108
7.6 x 10-4

23. The valid digits of a number
Significant Figures
The valid digits of a number  
In measurement: includes all of the digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated

24. Significant Figures Significant: Not significant nonzero digits
final zeros after the decimal points
zeros between two other significant digits
Not significant
zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point are not significant.

25. Examples each have only two sig figs 7.1 x 10-3 meter 4.2 x 10-1 meter

26. # of significant figures
Value
5.60
5.6
0.012
0.0120
0.0012
# of significant figures 3 2 5

27. Rounding
If the digit immediately to the right of the last significant digit is less than 5, it is dropped
5 or greater - last significant digit increased by 1
41.58 square meters  41.6 square meters

28. Practice Round 65.145 meters to 4 sig figs Round 100.1°C to 1 sig fig
Round 154 cm to 2 sig figs
150
Round kilograms to 2 sig figs

29. Measurements with an Unlimited Number of Significant Digits
Counting
Example: 23 people in the classroom
(Not 22.9 or 23.1) ……………….
Exactly defined quantities
Example: 60 minutes = 1 hour
……………………..

30. Calculation Rules calculated answer cannot be too precise
not more precise than the least precise measurement
Multiplication and Division
same number of sig figs as the measurement with the least number of sig figs
Addition and Subtraction
same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places

31. Accuracy and Precision
How close a measurement comes to the actual value of what is being measured
Precision
How close a series of measurements are to one another

32. Error Difference between accepted value and experimental value
error = experimental value – accepted value
% error = x 100%
error
accepted value

33. Error % error = x 100% 99.1°C – 100.0°C x 100% 100.0°C 0.9°C x 100%
0.9%
error
accepted value = = =