Memmler’s A&P Chapter 7 Skeleton: bones and joints

The skeleton p128 Framework on which the body is constructed Bone tissue is the most dense form of connective tissue

Functions of bones p128 Framework Protect delicate structures Work as levers with attached muscles for movement Store calcium salts Produce blood cells in red bone marrow

Bone tissue p128 2 types of bone – Compact bone – Spongy bone 2 types of bone marrow – Red marrow – Yellow marrow

Bone membranes p129 Periosteum – Blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the periosteum nourish bone cells

Bone growth and repair p129 Embryonic skeleton Ossification Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormones – Calcitonin promotes storage of calcium in the bones – Parathyroid hormone causes calcium to be released from the bones to raise blood levels of calcium

Long bone structure p129

Formation of a long bone p Epiphyseal plate Long bone growth stops in late teens or early twenties. Epiphyseal line forms. Remodeling for growth or repair

Skeleton divisions p131 Axial skeleton (in yellow on drawing) Appendicular skeleton (in blue)

Axial skeleton p131 Table 7-1 Cranium (skull) – Mandible – Sinuses Vertebral column – Cervical vertebrae – Thoracic vertebrae – Lumbar vertebrae – Sacral vertebrae – Coccygeal vertebrae Ribs Sternum

Appendicular skeleton p133 Table7-1 Shoulder girdle – Clavicle – Scapula Upper extremity – Humerus – Ulna – Radius – Carpal bones – Metacarpal bones – Phalanges

Appendicular skeleton cont. p133 Pelvic bones – Ilium – Ischium – Pubis Female pelvis: adapted for pregnancy and childbirth – Lighter in weight – Wider – Pelvic outlet is larger

Appendicular skeleton cont. p133 Lower extremity – Femur – Patella – Tibia – Fibula – Tarsal bones – Metatarsal bones – Phalanges

Bone disorders p142 Osteoporosis: loss of bone density Tumors: osteosarcoma Infection – Osteomyelitis: caused by pyogenic bacteria – Tuberculosis

Structural disorders of the spine p146 Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

Skeletal changes in aging p148 Loss of calcium Reduction of collagen leads to stiffness Loss of height due to thinning of intervertebral discs Costal cartilages (ribs) become calcified, less flexible

Joints p148 Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints – See table 7-3 page 151

Disorders of joints p150 Herniated disk Arthritis – Osteoarthritis – Rheumatoid arthritis Gout

Joint repair p153 Arthroscopy: examine and repair joints from outside the body with a lighted instrument called an arthroscope. Arthroplasty: joint replacement