The Phrase Prepositional, Verbal, and Appositive Phrases (Chapter 3)

What is a phrase? A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and its subject. –Prepositional Phrase: for you and her (no subject or verb) –Infinitive Phrase: to be the best (no subject) Note: a group of words that has both a subject and a verb is called a clause.

Common Prepositions (p.70) aboard about above absent across after Against Ahead of along amid amidst among anti around As As far as As well as At atop before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but By By means of concerning considering despite down During Due to except excepting excluding following for from in In addition to In case of In spite of In place of Inside instead into Like mid minus Near Next Next to of off on onto opposite outside over past per Plus Prior to regarding Round save since than Through till to toward towards under underneath unlike until up upon versus via with within without

Prepositional Phrase Includes a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object –A koala is a marsupial, a mammal with an external abdominal pouch. –To me a koala looks like a cuddly teddy bear. –A koala’s diet consist mainly of eucalyptus leaves. –Koalas, along with several other marsupials, are native to Australia. –They are usually found hanging around in trees.

Adjective Phrase (1/3) A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun is called an adjective phrase –We ordered a bowl of salsa and a basket of tortilla chips. –No one in the class has seen the movie yet. –The chair in the corner is broken.

Adjective Phrase (2/3) Two or more adjective phrases may modify the same noun or pronoun. –The chair on the floor in the corner is broken. –The clothes on sale in that store are irregular.

Adjective Phrase (3/3) An adjective phrase may also modify the object of another prepositional phrase –The trees in the park near the fence were planted a long time ago. –The phone on the wall by the door is broken.

Assignment Complete Ex. 1; p.112 –Write the sentences! –Skip lines –Underline the adjective phrase –Draw a line from the adjective phrase to the word (s) it modifies

Adverb Phrase (1/2) A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, and adjective or an adverb is called an adverb phrase –The mole burrowed under the lawn. –The ship sank into the sea. –Tom slept through the entire play.

Adverb Phrases (2/2) Adverb phrases tell when, where, why, how, or to what extent (how much, how long, how far) –He glanced out the window. –We won the game by two points. –Most musicians play for tips. –We traveled across country by train.

Identify 1.Rembrandt is well known as a painter of self-portraits. 2.The rain fell on the roof. 3.On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. 4.Alcatraz was a prison on an island off the coast of San Francisco. 5.The back of our storage shed is filled with junk.

Assignment Rev. A; p.115 –Complete the sentence with a phrase –At the end of the sentence, identify the phrase as either and adjective or an adverb phrase

Verbals & Verbal Phrases Verbals are formed from verbs and are used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs. The three kinds of verbals are –Participle –Gerund –Infinitive

Participle A verb form that can be used as an adjective –The crowd gave the band a standing ovation. –That cabin is equipped with running water.

Present Participle Present participles end in –ing –The smiling graduates posed for the photographer. –The truck dumped the trash into the gapping whole.

Past Participle Most past participles end in –d or – ed. Some are form irregularly. –Baked chicken is a very healthy meal. –For years the treasure remained hidden under tons of fallen rock.

Participle Phrase Consists of a participle and any modifiers or complements the participle has. The entire phrase is used as an adjective. –Climbing the tree the monkey disappeared in the branches. –Voted back into office, the mayor thank his supporters. –Afraid of the consequences, Tom refused to admit his guilt. –Ms. Jones ran from the mouse screaming at the top of her lungs.

Assignment Complete Rev. B; p.119 –Write the sentences –Skip lines –Underline the participle/participle phrase –Draw an arrow from the participle to the word (s) it modifies

Gerund A gerund is a verb from that ends in –ing and that is used as a noun. –Reading will improve your vocabulary. –Running is good exercise –Many people enjoy swimming. –We went bowling last night. –Note: Gerunds are nouns; they do not modify anything!

Gerund Phrase A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and any modifiers or complements the gerund has. The entire phrase is used as a noun. –The sudden shattering of glass broke the silence. –Mowing the lawn is my least favorite chore. –I enjoy hiking through the woods. –I lost weight by eating healthier foods.

Infinitive An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb. Most infinitives begin with –to. –His dream is to travel. (noun) –Betty wants to act. (noun) –George is the candidate to believe. (adj.) –Grandmother is coming to visit. (adv.)

Infinitive Phrase An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and any modifiers or complements the infinitive has. The entire phrase can be used as a noun, adjective, or an adverb. –It is very difficult to hit a curve ball solidly. (noun) –His efforts to trace his ancestry led to greater appreciation of his heritage. (adj.) –His plan to cheat on his final exam was thwarted when the teacher changed the test. (adj.) –I found his explanation difficult to accept completely. (adv.)

Assignment Rev. C; p.126 –Write the sentences –Skip lines –Underline the verbal/verbal phrase –Identify the verbal

Appositive/Appositive Phrase An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it –My cousin Craig is my best friend. –Tom, our quarterback, will miss the game this weekend. –The Millers live on Woodlawn Lane, a narrow street with no side walk.

Assignment Ex. 10; p.128 –Write the sentences –Skip lines –Underline the appositive/appositive phrase –Draw a line to the word (s) it identifies or describes