BRANCHES OF SCIENCE Ch. 1.1

TrueFalseStatementTrueFalse There are 3 branches of physical science Science & technology are interdependent Chemistry is the study of matter and energy, while physics is the study of the composition of matter Goal of science is to expand knowledge Goal of technology is to apply knowledge

Science  A system of knowledge that apply methods to find new knowledge  Begin with curiosity, end in discovery!  Qualitative= descriptive  Quantitative= numerical  Goal= expand knowledge

Technology  The use of knowledge to solve practical problems  Goal= apply knowledge gained from science

ScienceTechnology Interdependent: advances in one lead to advances in the other

Natural Science  3 main branches  Physical Science  Earth & Space Science  Life Science

Physical Science  Study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter  Study of matter, energy and the interactions between the 2 through forces and motion ChemistryPhysics

Earth and Space Science  Study of the origin, history and structure of earth  Study of the universe, beyond earth GeologyAstronomy

Life Science (biology) BotanyZoology The study of living things

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH Ch. 1.2

TrueFalseStatementTrueFalse The scientific method, is a way of gathering information to solve a problem There are 8 steps to the scientific method There are 2 types of variables: manipulated and responding or independent and dependent Dependent variables are changed, while independent stay the same Models must be continually changed

Scientific Method  Organized plan  Gathering, organizing, and communicating info  Goal= solve problems, or understand an event

Steps  1. State the Problem  Question format  Based on observations  Ex:  2. Research the Problem  Gather information  Journals, articles, interviews  Ex:

 3. Form a Hypothesis  Probable solution to the problem  Educated guess as to what will solve the problem  If-Then format  Ex:

4. Conduct an Experiment  Independent Variable (manipulated)  “I” Change on purpose  Ex:  Dependent Variable (responding)  Changed due to what you changed  Ex:  Control  Group or object that does not change  No IV added  Ex:  Constant  Condition that remains the same

 5. Record/analyze data  Results in tables  6. Conclusion  What does the data mean?  Was hypothesis correct?  Evidence to support hypothesis  Evidence doesn’t support hypothesis Revise and try again  7. Repeat experiment  Must get same results over and over to be VALID

LawvsTheory  Repeatedly tested  Summarizes patterns in nature  Doesn’t try to explain patterns  Hypothesis repeatedly supported  Well tested explanation  Never proved Become stronger Can be revised or replaced  Explains patterns

Models  Make it easy to understand things that are too difficult to observe directly  Ex: Earths rotation  New continually replace old  Mental Models  Comets are like giant snowballs made of ice  Physical Models  Maps, drawings

MEASUREMENT Ch. 1.3

TrueFalseStatementTrueFalse Scientific Notation makes numbers more precise Significant figures allow you to know how many decimal places you need to have Scientists use SI units, which were developed in France Precision and accuracy are the same The SI unit for temperature is K

Scientific Notation  Short hand way to express very large or small #’s  Speed of light = 300,000,000 m/s  Scientific Notation 3.0 x 10 8 m/s  #’s greater than 1 are +  #’s less than 1 are -

Steps to Scientific Notation Step 1:  Count the amount of decimal places that must be moved to make the original number between one and ten. Step 2:  Write this amount as the exponent above the ten. Make the exponent positive = move left and negative= move right.

Examples  Convert 2,530,000  Step 1) 2,530,000  Step 2) We moved decimal places to the left, so we know that the exponent above the ten will be positive 6.  Convert  Step 1)  Step 2)

Practice  1) 287  2) 840,000  3)  4) 603,400,000 1 = positive

Practice  1.) 5.89 x 10 5  2.) 3.45 x  3.) 7.0 x 10 5  4.) 1.23 x Move decimal left, + move decimal right

Scientific Notation  Multiplying  Multiply #s  Add the exponents  3.0 x 10 8 x 5.0 x 10 2 = 1.5 x  Dividing  Divide #s  Subtract exponents  1.5 x x 10 8  (2.8 x 10 8 ) x (1.9 x 10 4 )=  (4.9 x ) (1.6 x10 5 ) =  (3.6 x10 4 ) x (6x 10 5 )=  (1.44 x ) x (1.2x )= = 5.0 x 10 2

SI Units of Measurement  System International d’Unites developed by French  Metric System  Used by scientists globally

Base Units  Length- straight line distance between 2 points  Meter  Mass- quantity of matter in an object  Kilogram  Volume- amount of space taken up by an object  Cubic meter, m 3  Density- ratio of objects mass to volume  Kg/ m 3

King Henry Died Monday drinking chocolate milk

Practice  Convert  125 kg= _______ g  0.146cm= _______Hm  39 s= ______Ds

Metric Prefixes  Indicates how many times a unit should be multiplies or divided by 10

Conversion Factors  Ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert 1 quantity into another  8848m=km? 1km1000m 1000m 1km 8848 m x 1 km 1000m = km

 Gauge of how exact a measurement is  Limited by the least precise measurement used to calculate  Significant Figures!  Closeness of a measurement to actual value of what is being measured PrecisionAccuracy

Accurate & Precise Accurate not Precise Not Accurate or Precise Precise not accurate

Significant Figures Rules:  1) ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS significant.  2) ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant.  3) ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the decimal point AND at the end of the number are ALWAYS significant.  4) ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.  A helpful way to check rules 3 and 4 is to write the number in scientific notation. If you can/must get rid of the zeroes, then they are NOT significant.

 Use the least precise measurement  Mass=34.73g  Volume=4.42cm 3  Density= cm 3 = g/cm 3

Adding/Multiplying  The answer cannot CONTAIN MORE PLACES AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT THAN THE SMALLEST NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES in the numbers being added or subtracted = =

Multiplying/Dividing  The answer cannot CONTAIN MORE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES THAN THE NUMBER BEING MULTIPLIED OR DIVIDED with the LEAST NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES. 100 x 203 = 245 / 403 = x = / 192 =

Temperature  Thermometer- instrument that measured how hot an object is  Celsius  Fahrenheit  Kelvin

 °C = 5/9 (°F – 32°)  °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32°  K = °C  99 °F = _____ °C  20 °C = _____ °F  1923 K = _____ °C  45°C = _______ K

PRESENTING DATA Ch. 1.4

TrueFalseStatementTrueFalse Data must be displayed using tables and graphs In line graphs, the independent variable is always X, while the dependent variable is Y The same data can be shown in all types of tables/graphs Circle graphs must be arranged by %s A graph can be directly proportional and inversely proportional at the same time

Organizing Data  Scientists collect data, and organize it by graphs, and tables  Communicate the data through journals and conferences  Line, bar, and circle

Line Graph  Show changes related to variables  Independent= X axis  Dependent= Y axis  Slope= rise/run Y / X  Directly Proportional  Ratio is constant  Inversely Proportional  Relationship in which the product of 2 variables is constant

Bar Graphs  Simple-  Width of bars must be the same  Grouped-  Each bar in a group needs a distinguished mark, with ledgend  Composite-  Each different component needs a distinguishing mark  Histogram-  Represents a range independent variables, rather than single value

Simple Grouped Composite Histogram

Circle/Pie Graph  Always = 100%  Key is needed  %= specific sample of data x 100 total data collected