Author and Novel Background
1899 born in Illinois Father was a doctor (reflected in short stories) Ran away from home at age 15 1917 began writing career as a reporter for the Kansas City Star WWI ◦ eye injury prevented him from enlisting in army ◦ Volunteered as a ambulance driver for the Red Cross in Italy (injured) ◦ Decorated for bravery 1919 – married 1 st wife, Hadley Richardson
Became a reporter for Toronto Star after the war Moved to Paris in 1921 ◦ Met Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound ◦ Published The Sun Also Rises (1927) to capture the “Lost Generation” Returned to the States in 1927, married 2 nd wife, Pauline Pfeiffer (writer for Vogue) Published A Farewell to Arms (1929)
1930s Traveled widely ◦ Bullfighting aficionado in Spain ◦ Big-game hunter in Africa ◦ Deep-sea fisherman in Florida ◦ Covered Spanish Civil War ◦ Used experiences in For Whom the Bell Tolls
1940 married Martha Gelhorn WWII ◦ submarine spotter in Caribbean for the U.S. Navy ◦ War correspondent in Europe 1944 Married Mary Walsh Published Pulitzer Prize winner Old Man and the Sea (1952) 1954 won Nobel Prize for Literature and the Award for Merit from the American Academy of Arts and Letters July 2, 1961 died of self-inflicted gunshot wound
The Iceberg PrincipleThe Iceberg Principle: “If it is any use to know it, I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. If a writer omits something because he does not know it then there is a hole in the story.”
Setting: Cuban village near Havana; the sea Characters: ◦ Santiago – old Cuban fisherman ◦ Manolin – young boy who looks up to Santiago ◦ A marlin – the fish that Santiago struggles to catch for most of the story
Style ◦ Concise ◦ “bare bones” ◦ Pay attention to diction ◦ Images are clear, crisp – reader fills in associations Symbols ◦ Marlin and Sharks – good and evil ◦ Santiago – Literally “St. James” – Christ-like images