DETERMINATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SENSITIVE AREAS ON THE BASIS OF WATERSHED IN TURKEY MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND WATER AFFAIRS

CONTENT Eutrophication Sensitive Water Areas Management of Sensitive Water Areas The Project on Determination of Sensitive Areas and Water Quality Objectives on The Basis of Watershed in Turkey.

3 EUTROPHICATION Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water is enriched with organic material when this causes changes in that system.

Sensitive Water Areas Eutrophic May Become Eutrophic What is Sensitive Water Area? natural fresh water lakes, other fresh water sources, estuaries and coastal waters, fresh surface waters intended to supply drinking water and can contain high nitrate concentrations in case of the measures not taken areas requiring further treatment

Types of Sensitive Areas 5 SENSITIVE AREAS Sensitive Areas to Nitrate Sensitive Areas to Urban Wastewater Vulnerable Zones to Nitrate

Management of Sensitive Water Areas 6 Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) Nitrate Directive (91/676/EEC) WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE The Water Framework Directive reveals a more coherent and integrated approach for the management of eutrophication in water by fully taking into account the requirements of the Nitrates Directive and Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.

THE PROJECT ON DETERMINATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS AND WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ON THE BASIS OF WATERSHED IN TURKEY 7

Aim of the Project 8 To determine sensitive water areas in terms of water pollution, nitrate vulnerable water areas in the surface waters, nitrate vulnerable zones that affect these areas, water quality objectives and measures to be taken to improve water quality in twenty five river basin in Turkey. Executive of the Project: TUBITAK Marmara Research Center Duration of the Project:

The Scope of the Project Determination of Water Bodies in surface waters Determination of Pressures, impacts and pollution loads (BOİ,KOİ,AKM,TN,TP, NO 3,PO 4 ) Determination of Pressures, impacts and pollution loads (BOİ,KOİ,AKM,TN,TP, NO 3,PO 4 ) Determination of Potential Sensitive Areas (Pressures –impacts, monitoring data, expert opinions) Monitoring on potential sensitive areas (ÇO, pH, T, TN, TP, TOK, PO 4, NO 3, NH 4, secchi disk, klorofil- a, SS, bilogical parameters) Monitoring on potential sensitive areas (ÇO, pH, T, TN, TP, TOK, PO 4, NO 3, NH 4, secchi disk, klorofil- a, SS, bilogical parameters) Determination of final sensitive areas (by monitoring data) Determination of final sensitive areas (by monitoring data) Determination of the reference water bodies and water quality objectives Development of water quality models for our country Determination of carrying capacity in lakes, dams in terms of nutrients C, N, P Determination of carrying capacity in lakes, dams in terms of nutrients C, N, P Preparation of legislation, guide documents, measures program Determination of measures to be taken for all water bodies in line with the water quality objectives (including wastewater treatment systems) Determination of measures to be taken for all water bodies in line with the water quality objectives (including wastewater treatment systems)

Determination of water Bodies and Typology according to WFD

Body of surface water” means a discrete and significant element of surface water such as a lake, a reservoir, a stream, river or canal, part of a stream, river or canal, a transitional water or a stretch of coastal water. 11 Determination of Water Bodies

12 Determination of Water Bodies Point source Surface water body 1 Surface water body 2

13 Surface water bodies can be grouped and monitored from a single representative site for monitoring, reporting and management Grouped water bodies must have similar characteristics, quality and human pressure (risks) Determination of Water Bodies

Typology 14 Each category of water body is divided into various types of water body The typology ensures that similar types of water bodies are compared and that biological and chemical standards are able to protect ecological quality Different types of river support different natural biology

15 Criteria of Typology Table 1. Criteria of Typology Used for The Classification of Lakes

16 Criteria of Typology Table 2. Criteria of Typology Used for The Classification of Rivers

Determination of Pressures and Impacts 17 DEFINITIONS OF THE DPSIR TermDefinition Active Factor an anthropogenic activity that may have an environmental effect (i.e. agriculture, industry) Pressure the direct effect of the factor (for example, an effect that causes a change in flow or a change in the water chemistry) State the status of the water body resulting from both natural and anthropogenic factors (i.e. physical, chemical and biological characteristics) Impact the environmental effect of the pressure (i.e. fish killed, ecosystem modified) Pressure and impact analysis is a risk analysis method that is used to assess the risks which are related to the achieving case of the desired water quality objectives.

18 WATER BODIES ON BÜYÜK MENDERES BASIN

Determination of Potential Sensitive Water Areas 19 Morphological and geographical features pressures and impacts, hydro-dynamic properties, bio-chemical properties, pollution loads on the basis of wastewater sources and water quality monitoring data, Additionally, eutrophication parameters (chlorophyll-a, secchi disc, ortho-phosp.) satellite images that show the distribution of chlorophyll-a cons.)

20 Monitoring on Potential Sensitive Areas Parameters Sampling Frequency (Number of Sampling per year) Lakes/Dams Rivers DepthShallow pH4 (Seasonal) Temperature4 (Seasonal) 4 Seasonal) Dissolved Oxygen4 (Seasonal) Secchi Disk Depth4 (Seasonal) - Chlorophyll-a4 (Seasonal) Suspended Solids4 (Seasonal) Total Organic Carbon4 (Seasonal) Total Nitrogen4 (Seasonal) Nitrate4 (Seasonal) Ammonium4 (Seasonal)4 Seasonal)4 (Seasonal) Total Phosphorus4 (Seasonal) Phosphate4 (Seasonal) Phytoplankton222 Macrophyte-2- Macroinvertebrates222 Fish222

21 Determination of Sensitive Water Areas in Lakes Table 10. Limit Values Of The Trophic Classification System In Lake, Pond And Dam Lakes (Reference: By-Law of Surface Water Quality Management (OG: /28483) Trophic LevelTotal P (µg/L)Total N (µg/L) Chlorophyll-a (µg/L) Secchi Disc Depth (m) Oligotrophic≤10≤350<3,5>4 Mesotrophic10>TP≥30350>TN≥6503,5 – 9,04 – 2 Eutrophic30>TP≥100650>TN≥12009,1 – 25,01,9 – 1 Hypertrophic>100>1200>25,0<1 CLASSIFICATION OF TROPHIC LEVEL IN LAKES (OECD) Trophic Category P (µg/L)Chl (µg/L) Max. C<8 hl (µg/L) Secchi Disc Depth (m)) *Min. Secchi (m) Ultra- Oligotrophic <4<1<2,5>12>6 Oligotrophic<10<2,5>6>3 Mesotrophic10-352, ,5 Eutrophic ,51,5-0,7 Hypertrophic>100>25>75<1,5<0,7

22 Ecological Quality of Lakes According to the Classification of EC Variants I Oligotrophic II Mesotrophic III Variable Eutrophic IV Eutrophic V Hypertrophic A. Oxygen Exchange Dissolved Oxygen (%) epilimnion >150 Hipolimnion <10 Non-stratified water <10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) > <3 COD-Mn (mg O 2 /l) > >30 B. Eutrophication Total P (µg P/l) < >125 Total N (µg N/l) < >2500 Chl-a (µg/l) <2,52, >110 C. Acidification pH (pH <9 ) 9-6,56,5-6,36,3-6,06,0-5,3<5,3 Alkalinity (mg CaCO 3 /l) > <10 Determination of Sensitive Water Areas in Lakes

23 Determination of Sensitive Areas for Rivers Criteria for Classification of Rivers (GREECE) Physico-chemical Parameters Eutrophic Conditions Mesotrophic Conditions Oligotrophic Conditions Nitrate (µg/l) >5,00,3-5,0<0,3 Ammonium (µg/l) >0,40,1- 0,4<0,1 Total Phosphorus (µg/l) >0,40,1- 0,4<0,1 BOİ 5 (mg/l) >4,01,0- 4,0<1,0 Oxygen Concentration<4,04,0-10,0>10,0 Evaluation of Trophic Level Plan for Rivers ( AUSTRIA ) Trophic LevelTotal Phosphorus 1<0,04 mg/l to 0,03 2 0,12-0,13 mg/l median 3Medium 0,15 mg/l 4~0,2 mg/l 5~0,32 mg/l 6>0,3 mg/l, Medium 0,42 mg/l

Modeling Studies Modeling studies will be realized in sensitive water bodies in order to achieve water quality objectives with the aim of determination of alternative scenarios regarding measures. Some of the alternative models considered to be suitable for water quality modeling are listed below and one of them will be used in the project. SHYFEM Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) TELEMAC-MASCARET CE-QUAL-W2 AQUATOX WASP 24

25 With the completion of the project, Sensitive water areas and nitrate vulnerable water areas and nitrate vulnerable zones will be determined Measures that need to be taken for improvement of water quality and control of the pollution of point and diffuse sources will be assessed. Regulations, guide documents will be prepared. Conclusions

Thanks for your attention.