The Weight of History Shunji Cui Department of Political Science School of Public Affairs Zhejiang University PEAP ： L6

Anti-Japanese Sentiment in China Students Demonstration 2005

2012 Over Islands Row

Why nationalism in East Asia often causing conflicts between countries? Why is it so difficult for governments to pursue conciliatory FP towards each other? How does nationalism play in relations in East Asia? The arrival of nationalism in East Asia

The Sino-Centric World Order Until it encountered the European IS in mid-19c East Asia ： A self-contained world == the ‘Chinese world order’ ‘the East Asian world order’ This Sino-centric world was a ‘regional’ society, or a ‘sub-global international system’ It developed within the area of Chinese culture and was heavily influenced by the civilisation of ancient China. It co-existed with the European society of states until the mid-nineteenth century.

The Sino-Centric World Order Yet it was also a unified and ‘universal’ empire, which theoretically embraced the entire world. J. K. Fairbank (1968): Although in European parlance, it became the Far East, in Chinese terms this Far Eastern world was Sino- centric. From time of the Middle Kingdom ( 中国, China), it was dominated by the Chinese empire ( 天下, all-under- heaven), presided over by the Son of Heaven ( 天子, the Chinese emperor).

The Traditional Chinese World Order The Influence of Confucian Doctrine  天子, the Son of Heaven = The Chinese emperor  China, ( 中国 ) = The Middle Kingdom  天下, all-under-heaven = the Chinese empire Hierarchical Order  Five important human relations  father/son, ruler/official, husband/wife, elder/younger brother, friend/friend.  kowtows  The Great Leaning 《大学》 on order & peace Chinese Civilizational Superiority Historical Continuity

The European Expansion to East Asia 19c, the West Expansion, the failure of normal trading and diplomatic relations. The Opium War, 1840 ～  Treaty of Nanjing with Britain (1842)  Treaty of Tianjin with Russia (1860) They were opprobrium ‘unequal treaties’  Imposed, dictated unequal obligations, compromised China’s sovereignty, symbolized evolving perception of humiliation and injustice. From Western Intrusion to Japanese Imperialism  Sino-Japanese War,  Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1930s, and conquering most of Chinese territory 1940s

The Collapse of Chinese Empire The entry of China and Japan into the Western-dominated international society  indicated that end of Chinese WO But it is still important to ask as how???? The impact of external threat??? bound regional actors more strongly together against a common enemy?? If so, Western expansion might have generated a regional collective identity, a ‘we-ness’ against the ‘other’. Yet the processes telling us something different stories. There was no ‘common response’ and, indeed, if anything, regional collective identity was weakened rather than strengthened. In particular, the rise of Sino-Japanese rivalry, and Korea became the focal point in this drama.

Korea’s Entry into IS Korea’s Refusal to entry into Western IS China’s A Dualistic Policy towards Korea Japan Opens Korea  The Treaty of Kanghwa and the Opening of Korea  The ‘Sei-Kan Ron’( 征韩论 ) and the ‘Unyo’ Incident  The Treaty of Kanghwa, 27 February China’s Interventionist Posture Korea’s treaties with Western powers The End of Chinese WO by the early 1880s Sino-Japanese War in

Meiji Restoration Satsuma–Chōshū Alliance

Satsuma (Kagoshima prefecture) Chōshū (Yamaguchi prefecture) Kyoto Capital of Nara, Heian Periods

Images of Japanese Militarism

Implications to Regional Identity For Japan For China For Korea For SEAn Countries