Cell Structure Electron micrograph of a human embryonic stem cell.

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Presentation transcript:

Cell Structure Electron micrograph of a human embryonic stem cell.

Cells: The Building Blocks of Living Organisms Prokaryotic Cells Simple cells Lack membrane bound organelles – Bacteria Cells Eukaryotic Cells More complex cells Contain membrane bound organelles – Animal Cells – Plant Cells – Fungi Cells

Cells: The Building Blocks of Living Organisms Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells pg

EUKARYOTIC CELLS Compartmentalized Organelles: Parts of a cell each having a unique structure and function ALL contribute to the overall functioning of the cell

Nucleus Nucleoplasm Nuclear Envelope with pores Chromatin Nucleolus – make ribosomes ell_nucleus.svg

Nucleolus Visible region in the nucleus Here RNA and proteins combine to form RIBOSOMES es/biol_03_img0316.jpg

Ribosomes Location of protein synthesis. Proteins made in the cytoplasmic ribosomes generally stay in the cell. Proteins made on the ER usually leave the cell. Polysomes

Ribosomes Ribosomes leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores Some become embedded in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Others remain in the cytoplasm of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough ER (RER) Ribosomes embedded in its membranes Act to move molecules throughout the cell Role in making phospholipids Smooth ER (SER) No ribosomes Act to move molecules throughout the cell Location of steroid production

Vesicles Both types of ER produce vesicles through budding (aka blebbing) Vesicles are small membrane bound sacs Contain biochemicals produced in the ER These transition vesicles move from the ER to the Golgi apparatus (aka Golgi bodies)

Golgi Bodies Look similar to Smooth ER Made of 7 or 8 flattened saccules Generally located between the ER and the cell membrane

Golgi Bodies Molecules are often modified by Golgi Bodies New vesicles bud off of the Golgi containing modified molecules These vesicles are called Secretory Vesicles Secretory vesicles head to the cell membrane and contents are secreted through exocytosis Golgi Bodies also form Lysosomes used to digest molecules in the cell (hydrolysis)

Vesicles and the Golgi Bodies f Secretory Vesicles Transition Vesicles from the ER

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Fluid-filled with complex internal membranes Both organelles have energy related chemical reactions occurring within them

Mitochondria Exist in almost every cell Conduct respiration in which carbohydrates are used to create ATP (chemical energy) on the cristae of these organelles Respiration: C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 38ATP

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts Only present in plant cells Contain Chlorophyll – a pigment that allows plants to photosynthesize

Chloroplasts

Other Important Cell Structures Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Lysosomes Vacuoles Cell Membrane Cell Wall Cilia and Flagella

Cell Parts Nucleus Smooth & Rough ER Golgi Apparatus LysosomesVesiclesVacuolesCytoplasm Mitochondria & Chloroplasts CytoskeletonRibosomes Cell Membrane

More Information Take this tour of the cell: – gy/interactive.jsp gy/interactive.jsp

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