Evolutionary Phonology
Why? Many universals and universal tendencies: phonetics, stress, syllable structure Can’t be explained through rules alone Common phonetically-motivated sound changes and patterns Rare sound patterns are NOT part of common sound changes
Diachronic versus Synchronic Diachronic: over time Synchronic: at one point in time Central Premise of Evolutionary Phonology: Diachronic explanations have priority over competing synchronic explanations (unless independent evidence demonstrates otherwise)
Evolutionary Biology ENVIRONMENT: Lovely ponds and streams
Evolutionary Phonology ENVIRONMENT: Speech acts and interlocutors
Similarities to Darwin’s Model Historical Inheritance Simultaneous evolution Interactions with environment Undirected and non-optimizing Naturalness/unnaturalness
Sources of Change CHANGE Can XaY be misheard as XbY? CHANCE Are there multiple ways of analyzing XaY? CHOICE Is XaY a possible variant of XbY, XabY, XY, etc.?
CHANGE Misperception Listener mishears utterance due to similarities of actual utterance with perceived utterance. Shot to the heart… and you’re to blame and you’re too late and you’re too lame and I’m in pain
CHANCE Phonetic signal is accurately perceived, but the lexical form is ambiguous. The listener associates a phonological form with the unintended one Gladly the cross-eyed bear vs. Gladly the cross I’d bear.
CHOICE Multiple phonetic signals represent variants of a signal phonological form Accurately perceived by listener Acquires prototype of phonetic category which differs from speaker