Warm-up #7.2 (11.2) 5. Early Russia linked Northern Europe with what empire? 6. Domination by what group of people led to Russia’s isolation in the 1200s? What did they refer to Russia as? 7. What characteristics did early Russia adopt from the Byzantine Empire? 8. What happened to Moscow while under Mongol control? 5. Byzantine 6. Mongols; Khanate of the Golden Horde 7. Architecture, religion, and language 8. It grew in wealth and power

CHAPTER 12 The Mongols

The Mongol Conquests

The Asian Steppe Vast area of dry grassland Two purposes Trade route Home to nomadic people The steppe was extremely harsh -59*F to 96*F

Nomadic Lifestyle Survived as pastoralists – animal herders Always on the move (predictable like bird migrations) Frequently had to fight for control of a grassland or water source Practically lived on the horses Lived in clans – family group Teamed up only to attack an enemy

Genghis Khan Around 1200, Temujin sought to unify the Mongols Became Genghis Khan (universal ruler) Greatly expanded Mongol power China Central Asia (“stan” countries) Reasons for success Organization Strategist – by fighting on horseback, they were highly mobile and more skilled Cruelty

Life after Genghis Successors continued to expand 50 years after Genghis’ death (1227), the Mongols controlled from China to Poland (largest empire in history) Divided the empire into 4 regions (khanates) Great Khan (Eastern Asia) Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) Ilkhanate (Persia) Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

Mongol Rule The future of a region depended on the version of Mongol invasion Harsh – destroyed land and demolished populations to the point where the area would never recover Tolerant – Mongols would often embrace the cultures that they had dominated

Pax Mongolica Mid 1200s-1300s, Mongols established stability and peace across their empire (Pax Mongolica) Guaranteed safe travels Ideas and inventions will spread quickly

And now… Complete the Worksheet (12.2 – page 330) : Mongol Conquests Begin working on Chapter 18 Crossword Quiz will be on Friday and include Chapter 12

Warm-up #7.3 (12.1) – DUE TODAY 9. What made the Mongols unstoppable in battle? 10. What was the effect of Mongol rule in the 13 th and 14 th centuries? What is the name for this time period? 11. Which Mongol leader succeeded as a result of his brilliant strategy and organization? 12. What was the largest unified empire in history? 9. Their mobility and fighting skills 10. Peace and stability; Pax Mongolica 11. Genghis Khan 12. The Mongol Empire

Section 3 – The Mongol Empire

Kublai Khan Took power in 1260 Grandson of Genghis Khan Technically controlled the entire empire, realistically only East Asia Focuses on taking over the rest of China Successful in First time in Chinese history that they are controlled by “foreigners”

The New Dynasty Kublai founded the Yuan Dynasty that is short but has a huge impact United China Opened China to foreign contact Did not change Chinese culture Abandoned the nomadic lifestyle and settled into one place Shifted the capital to China

Japanese Conquest… or not Kublai sought to conquer Japan after united China Sent huge fleets at a cost to the Koreans After 53 days of fighting, the Japanese were saved when a typhoon destroyed the entire Mongol fleet (largest ever until WWII) Became known as the kamikaze (“divine wind”)

Mongols and the Chinese Culturally, the two were very different Led to living segregated lives (different laws, neighborhoods) Mongols would not put Chinese into top government posts because they feared local loyalties Mongol Chinese

Interactions with foreign cultures Foreign trade increases under Kublai (Pax Mongolica) Desire for Chinese products + Kublai welcoming foreign merchants into China Most famous European to visit China: Marco Polo (1275) Used by Kublai as an ambassador (17 years) Described the “greatest civilization in the world” to Europeans

End of Mongol Rule Weaknesses became more and more expensive Raised taxes on the Chinese Kublai’s death (1294) started a battle over who would control the empire Chinese will rebel and establish self-rule in 1368 In roughly 100 years, the Mongol Empire has disintegrated BECOMES

And now… Complete the Worksheet (12.3 – page 335) : Mongol Conquests Begin/Finish working on Chapter 18 Crossword Quiz will be on Friday and include Chapter 12