Study Guide Chapter 11 1. What is an ecosystem? 2. What are the four basic components of an ecosystem. Describe each component. 3. What is a herbivore,carnivore, and omnivore? 4. What trophic level do autotrophs, heterotrophs, and decomposers occupy? 5. What does the first law of thermodynamics state? 6. Is energy lost or gained as you move up trophic levels? What percent of energy?What happens to this energy? 7. What is succession? 8. Name the biomes of the Earth.

Biogeography Ecosystem is a community of organisms functioning together in an interdependent relationship with the environment they occupy. Four basic components Abiotic(nonliving) Autotrophs (plants) Heterotrophs Decomposers

Abiotic and Autotrophs Mineral salts Water Rocks Autotrophs-plants Photosynthesis Plants take up energy from sun,carbon dioxide, and water Plants produce cellulose and oxygen. Without plants energy from the sun could not enter Earth’s system.

Heterotrophs and Decomposers Heterotrophs- Eating other plants and animals. Also known as consumers. Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore Decomposers Feed on dead plant and animal remains Return minerals and nutrients to soil. Examples? worms, microorganisms, carpenter ants.

(decomposers and detritus feeders) First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Fourth Trophic Level Producers (plants) Primary consumers (herbivores) Secondary consumers (carnivores) Tertiary consumers (top carnivores) Heat Heat Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Heat Detritvores (decomposers and detritus feeders) Heat

90% of energy lost through respiration at each trophic level. Heat Decomposers Tertiary consumers (human) 90% of energy lost through respiration at each trophic level. 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Primary consumers (zooplankton) 1,000 Producers (phytoplankton) 10,000 Usable energy Available at Each tropic level (in kilocalories)

Food chain Food web Golden eagle Producer to primary consumer Pronghorn antelope Primary to secondary consumer Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Secondary to higher-level consumer Grasshopper All producers and consumers to decomposers Blue stem grass Prairie dog Food chain Bacteria Food web Fungi Prairie coneflower

Fig. 11-10, p. 304

Biomes One of Earth’s major terrestrial ecosystems, classified by the vegetation types that dominate the plant communities within the ecosystem. Tundra Tropical Rainforest Desert Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Mediterranean Schrubland Tropical Savanna Mid-Latitude Grasslands

Distribution of the Earth’s Major Biomes Fig. 11.22