Human Evolution

What makes us human? Anthropology has examined evidence from millions of years to develop a theory of the ____________________________ Anthropologists have studied human biological evolution- fossil evidence ( ) and cultural remains ( ) Scientific advancements now include study of ______

Theories of Evolution Origin Myths/Cosmologies Greek – Prometheus Genesis Left: Prometheus and Athena Top: God and Adam Western examples

Species Classification Age of Exploration ___and ____ centuries New species of plants and animals discovered New information classified by _______________ (Sweden) during 18 th century

Believed that animals and plants were fixed and could not change according to God's work Later revised this thinking as a result of observation of cross-breeding plants = ______________

Theories of Evolution Darwin Evolution theory holds that existing species of plants and animals have emerged over millions of years from simple organisms. Darwin, On the origin of species, 1859 Charles Darwin youtube.com/watch?v=CKDSiNf_rLohttp://www. “Darwin's Theory of Evolution: A Brief History”

Theories of Evolution Darwin’s principle of natural selection “Natural selection is the gradual process by which nature selects the forms most fit to _________ and ________ in a given environment.” For natural selection to work on a given population, there must be variety within that population and competition for strategic ______________.

Theories of Evolution Mendel’s principle of _____________, 1856 The science of genetics explains the origin of the variety upon which natural selection operates. By experimenting with successive generations of pea plants, Mendel came to the conclusion that heredity is determined by discrete particles, the effects of which may ________ in one generation, and ______________ in the next. “How the Body Works: Eye Colour”

Early Primates Prosimians ( ) Monkeys ( ) Apes ( ) Hominids ( )

Early Primates - Traits Common physical primate traits: Common social primate traits: Common Primate Traits

Primate Family Tree Crown lemur Orangutan

Pre-hominid Evolution Reconstruction of Australopithecus

Hominid Evolution Homo habilis (2.0 – 1.6mya) H. rudolfensis ( mya) _______________ (1.9-27kyBP) H. heidelbergensis ( kyBP) H. neanderthalensis (300-30kyBP) ___________ (130kyBP – present) Scale: Millions of Years BP

Hominid Evolution Major Homo advances:

Homo habilis Artist’s representation of a Homo habilis band as it might have existed two million years ago. 612 cc brain mya ______________________ prognathic face, brow ridge ______________________ possibly arboreal discovered in 1960 by Leakeys ______________

Homo erectus Eugene Dubois discovers H. erectus in Java Dubois calls it Pithecanthropus erectus initially, also dubbed “_____________” dates from 1.9 mya to 27,000 years B.P. 994 cc brain size (compare to 612 for H. habilis) Photograph of Nariokotome boy, an early Homo erectus found near Lake Turkana, Kenya.

Homo erectus – 1.9mya to 27k BP Why was H. erectus so successful? Less sexual dimorphism = _______________________ ____________________ = wearing of furs, other clothing Wearing of furs = _____________________________ Culture is main reason H. erectus was so successful Distribution of H. erectus

Homo neanderthalensis discovered in the Neander Valley (Tal) near Dusseldorf, ________ massive brain--about 1,400cc on average large torso, short limbs, broad nasal passages later remains show decrease in robustness of the front _______ and ____, suggesting use of tools replaced teeth The skull of the classic Neandertal found in 1908 at La Chapelle-aux- Saints.

What happened to Neanderthals? H. neanderthalensis coexisted with H. sapiens for at least _______ years, perhaps as long as 60,000 years What happened?

Homo sapiens Archaic – 100,000 to 35,000 years BP Sometimes called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Modern – 35,000 years BP to present Anatomically modern

Cro-Magnon Man Cro-Magnon humans 35,000 years B.P. in western Europe to 17,000 years B.P. 1,600 cc cranial capacity Name comes from a hotel in ______________ Not a different species, just old Homo sapiens from Europe Artist’s reconstruction of a Cro-Magnon man