A DDRESSING THE PROBLEM OF GROUND WATER DEPLETION I NNOVATIONS CONFERENCE | A GRICULTURE J UNE 10, 2014 B Y D IVYA M ITTAL M AYUR D IXIT P RIYANK M ISHRA IAS (OT S ) | 2013 BATCH

A GENDA Problem Statement, Assumptions & Analysis Technical Analysis Solution Proposed Associated Positive Benefits Evaluation of Strategy

 Farmers have preferred growing wheat and rice over other crops due to high productivity and returns  Most important irrigation source for agriculture has been Ground Water (GW) via tube wells  Decreasing GW level can be attributed to increased demand of GW for agriculture  Erratic monsoons has further decreased the discharge to water table and increased dependence on GW  Lowered water table has increased power consumption (diesel & electric sets) to extract water  Small and marginal farmers are affected the most due to decreasing GW level Krishi Pradesh is facing severe ground water depletion problem due to increased agricultural activities Data Provided Assumptions  Area under food grains has increased from 3.0 to 3.5 million hectares over last few decades  The state’s share in food grain production in the country: 30% wheat and 12% rice  Cultivated area under irrigation has grown from 70% to 78% in the same time period  Agricultural productivity has also seen a healthy growth along with a change in cropping pattern  Water table in the district declining at the alarming rate of 55 cm per year  Time period for comparison (‘Few decades’): 1990 to 2014 (24 years)  Increase in area under agriculture is less than increase in area under food grain cultivation  Food grain productivity increase has been more than average productivity increase of other crops  Break up of irrigation: 1990 (50% tube well, 25% canals, 25% others); 2014 (80% tube well, 20% canals) Analysis Problem Statement Address the issue of GW depletion in the district by: A. Improving GW situation B. Making the farming sustainable

Analysis shows that mostly group centric issues are responsible for GW depletion by negatively affecting the recharge and discharge of water from the water table Issues related to increased discharge of GW Group centric issues Individual centric issues Issues related to decreased recharge of GW Quadrant 3 Quadrant 2Quadrant 1 Quadrant 4 Identified IssueQuadrant GW seen as private property and not as common property resource 3 Poor awareness of criticality of GW situation among the farmers 3 Changing cropping patterns due to market pressures 4 Equity dimensions – Rich farmer vs. Poor farmer 4 Improper planning & management of GW1,4 Unsustainable number of tube wells3 Erratic and stochastic nature of climate leading to uncertainty 1,4 Decreased soil porosity and recharge due to extensive use of chemicals 1 Lack of artificial recharging options due to motivation and commitment issues 1,2 Subsidy provided to purchase electric and diesel set and use of power 3,4 Impact Assessment QuadrantExtent of Impact Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2 Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4

A GENDA Problem Statement, Assumptions & Analysis Technical Analysis Solution Proposed Associated Positive Benefits Evaluation of Strategy

Understanding technical aspects is essential to develop a strategy and implementation plan for addressing the issue of GW depletion (1/2) Discharge (D) = function of (trans-evaporation, horizontal outflow, artificial pumping out) Recharge (R) = function of (rainfall, seepage from artificial and natural water bodies)  Locate, map and evaluate the capacity and number of operational bore-wells and pump-sets in the district  Map the district on the basis of (D/R) value: (D/R) > 1 implies unsustainable pumping of GW  Simultaneously understand and map the district on the basis of water table sub-basins which might also be shared by neighboring districts (Figure 1)  Choose locations and capacities of pump-sets to minimize (D/R) of overall sub-basin  Enhancing ‘R’: Assess the possibility of installing artificial recharging methods (Figure 2) Assessment and evaluation of GW depletion in the district Assumption: Technical competency to assess and evaluate GW is available with the district and state Figure 1 Figure 2

Understanding technical aspects is essential to develop a strategy and implementation plan for addressing the issue of GW depletion (2/2)  Figure 3 depicts 3-D water table contour mapping  Trough points indicate very low water table levels due to extensive GW discharge (‘D’) through pump-sets  Crests indicate higher water table levels due to greater natural recharge (‘R’)  Black arrows indicate natural flow of GW Figure 3 From the technical analysis the planning authority should be able to assess and find out the optimum recharging and discharging points of the water table But the question that now arises is how to implement this strategy The challenges/constraints are:  GW usage and extraction methods are in the domain of private property  Most of the issues identified, as shown earlier, are group-centric Objective: How to bring a balance between the private incentives and benefits for the community at large?

A GENDA Problem Statement, Assumptions & Analysis Technical Analysis Solution Proposed Associated Positive Benefits Evaluation of Strategy

To address the challenges posed we need to adapt a community based approach and emphasize on the creation of Water User Associations (WUA) t (time) = 0t (time) = T A B C D AC: Reduction in demand of GW by reducing ‘D’ in the short term BD: Increase in the supply of GW by raising ‘R’ in the short term AB: Demand – Supply gap at t = 0 CD: Demand – Supply gap at t = T CD < AB: Impact in short term due to WUA interventions (Reducing the Demand Supply Gap) Demand Curve of GW Supply Curve of GW Short Term Recommendations  WUA: A registered entity having all farmers at a Panchayat level with the primary purpose of self regulating recharge and discharge with active support from district administration  WUA reducing ‘D’ in short term  Metering the tube wells and putting a cap/regulation on all discharge points  Dis-incentivizing excess usage and exceeding usage by penalizing individual farmers by WUA  As far as possible, close down the discharge points located in the ‘troughs’  Promote water efficient irrigation systems like drip irrigation, sprinklers, bonding  WUA raising ‘R’ in short term  Using community level resources and efforts to build dug wells in those plots/fields which lie close to the crests for effective recharge  Percolation tanks and check dams near the perennial streams to augment water recharge  Contour bunding on common property lands  Artificial ponds on government unused lands

As shown in the analysis, since Quadrant 3 and 4 issues have maximum impact, they need to be addressed with specific strategy t (time) = 0t (time) = NT A B C D AC: Reduction in demand of GW by reducing ‘D’ in the short term BD: Increase in the supply of GW by raising ‘R’ in the short term AB: Demand – Supply gap at t = 0 CD: Demand – Supply gap at t = NT C = D: Creation of surplus in GW usage by long term interventions Demand Curve of GW Supply Curve of GW Long Term Recommendations Recommendations to reduce discharge of GW (‘D’) Group centric strategyIndividual centric strategy Recommendations increase recharge of GW (‘R’) Quadrant 3  Change the cropping mix from water intensive crops like rice to millets  Promote sustainable organic farming Quadrant 2  Build in-situ dug-wells for artificial recharge Quadrant 1  Build percolation tanks and artificial ponds on Panchayat lands  Incentivize farmers to keep land fallow on rotation basis  Grow animal feed for consumption on sharing basis Quadrant 4  Pump capacity regulation  Regulation and relocation of pump sets (away from troughs and close to crests)

A GENDA Problem Statement, Assumptions & Analysis Technical Analysis Solution Proposed Associated Positive Benefits Evaluation of Strategy

Possible positive benefits of adapting proposed strategy with additional incentives for stakeholders Farmers  Greater availability of GW leading to reduced agricultural costs  Increase in cropping season and scope due to rising GW level in dry season Enhanced Income Opportunity of augmenting income by trading GW in the scenario of positive gap between capped extraction limits and actual GW extraction Farmers growing water incentive crops (F1) can ‘purchase’ GW from farmers (F2) growing dry and less productive varieties Extra income generated by F1 is hence shared between F1 and F2 Creating Forward Linkage  Creating forward linkages for making WUA sustainable with district administration support, e.g. providing agri-credit to WUA members at lower rates, agri-insurance at lower premiums  It’s a WIN-WIN situation for WUA, farmers and the district administration

A GENDA Problem Statement, Assumptions & Analysis Technical Analysis Solution Proposed Associated Positive Benefits Evaluation of Strategy

Evaluation of proposed strategy on the parameters of Sustainability and Stakeholder participation Proposed StrategySustainabilityCost-effectiveness Stakeholder Participation Build in-situ dug-wells for artificial recharge Change the cropping mix from water intensive crops like rice to millets Promote sustainable organic farming Build percolation tanks and artificial ponds on Panchayat lands Incentivize farmers to keep land fallow on rotation basis Pump capacity regulation Regulation and relocation of pump sets (away from troughs and close to crests) Evaluation table suggests that the proposed strategy scores high in sustainability parameter but there is scope for further improvement in cost-effectiveness and stakeholder participation areas

 California Water Foundation. (2014). Recommendations for Sustainable Groundwater Management: Developed Through a Stakeholder Dialogue. California: California Water Foundation.  Umar, R. (2004). Groundwater Flow Modelling and Aquifer Vulnerability Assessment Studies in Yamuna–Krishni Sub- basin, Muzaffarnagar District. New Delhi: Indian National Committee on Ground Water Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Ministry of Water Resources (Govt. of India).  Shah, T. (1992). Sustainable Development of Ground Water Resource: Lessons form Junagadh. Economic and Political Weekly,  IWMI. (2012). Investing in Agricultural Water Management to Benefit Smallholder Farmers in Madhya Pradesh, India. Colombo: International Water Management Institute.  Narasimhan, T. N. (2008). Groundwater Management and Ownership. Economic and Political Weekly,  Shah, T. (2008). India’s Master plan for Groundwater Recharge: An Assessment and Some Suggestions for Revision. Economic and Political Weekly,  DFID. (2006). Managed Aquifer Recharge: An Assessment of its Role and Effectiveness in Watershed Management. London: Department for International Development, Government of United Kingdom. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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