Measuring the population: importance of demographic indicators for gender analysis Workshop Title Location and Date

Session outline 1.What is demography? 2.Demography and gender 3.Data sources 4.Sex ratio at birth 5.Fertility rates 6.Group activity: comparing fertility and mortality

What is demography? A field of statistics that involves the study of human populations Structure and change (dynamics) of populations Births, deaths and migration Demographers produce indicators like: Fertility rates Life expectancy Migration rates Population growth estimates

Demography and gender Fundamental to monitoring gender relations How many women are there compared to men? Are many more boys born than girls? Size and composition of households Age at first marriage (early marriage?) and first child Number of children per woman Single-headed households Rural-urban migration by women and men

Main data sources Population and housing censuses Demographic and health surveys Civil registration systems (births, deaths, marriages) Population registers

What is the sex ratio? FemaleMaleSex ratio European Union-28259,339,081247,291, Armenia1,573,5671,450, Azerbaijan4,679,6454,616, Georgia2,349,3942,141, Kazakhstan8,691,3138,100, Kyrgyzstan2,837,2422,770, Moldova, Republic of1,847,4831,712, Russian Federation76,936,81666,264, Tajikistan3,909,7963,987, Ukraine24,443,25920,969, Guide: 100 = same number males as females Less than 100 = more females More than 100 = more males Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and UNICEF TransMONEE) official sources.

Sex ratios, Russian Federation, 2012 Sex ratioFemalesMalesSex ratio Sex ratio of total population 76,936,81666,264, Sex ratio at birth (2011)872,825923, Sex ratio for elderly (age 65+)12,609,5775,804, Source: UNECE Statistical Database, compiled from national and international (Eurostat and UNICEF TransMONEE) official sources.

Sex ratio at birth There are boys born for every 100 girls Standard biological level Source: United Nations Population Fund Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications.

Son preference: identifying the problem Sex ratio at birth exceeds 110 Factors impacting prenatal sex selection: 1.Preference for sons 2.Availability of prenatal detection technology and abortion 3.Lower fertility rates

Source: United Nations Population Fund Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications.

Fertility rates Low, moderate and high fertility countries Consequences of fertility Structure of population Demand for services Economic production Burden of care in the home Environmental impacts

How to interpret the total fertility rate (TFR) Key factor influencing population growth/decline Replacement level fertility: TFR of 2.1 children per woman Total fertility rateDiscussion TFR of 2.0 or lowerLow fertility Becoming the norm for many countries Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Ukraine are all classified as low fertility countries Population ageing presents a challenge TFR of 2.1 – 3.1Moderate fertility TFR of 3.2 or higherHigh fertility Rates highest in Eastern, Middle and Western Africa In the EECCA region, Tajikistan is the only high fertility country

Global trends Fertility has declined significantly since 1994 High fertility a characteristic of least developed countries Low fertility is becoming more widespread Age pattern of childbearing a key factor Early marriage and adolescent fertility Decline in childbearing among older women Changes in government policies Low fertility: incentives to raise fertility; family friendly High fertility: education; family planning advice and contraception

Gender analysis: consequences Low fertility Aging population – caring for the elderly Pressure to produce sons High fertility Health risks for mother and child Limits paid work opportunities; increases unpaid work Lower status of women

Group activity 1.Which country has the highest fertility rate in 2010? 2.Which has the highest infant mortality rate in 2010? 3.Which has the highest under five mortality rate in 2010? 4.Which country has achieved the fastest lowering of the under-five mortality rate between 1990 and 2013? 5.How has Armenia’s fertility and child mortality rates changed over the last 110 years ( )?

Group activity 1.Which country has the highest fertility rate in 2010? Tajikistan with 3.78 children per woman 2.Which has the highest infant mortality rate in 2010? Tajikistan with 52.1 deaths per 1,000 live births 3.Which has the highest under five mortality rate in 2010? Turkmenistan with 61.0 deaths per 1,000 live births 4.Which country has achieved the fastest lowering of the under- five mortality rate between 1990 and 2013? Tajikistan’s rate has dropped by 60.5 and Azerbaijan’s by How has Armenia’s fertility and child mortality rates changed over the last 110 years ( )? The TFR was the highest among these countries in 1900 (8.1) and it is now one of the lowest (1.6 in 2010 IMR is now one of the lowest in the region (14.7 in 2012))

Discussion What impacts on fertility and child survival?