1 Technology

1 Technology: A Dynamic, Human- Created System

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Understand the term technology. Recall the basic features of technology. Explain technology as a dynamic process. Give examples of positive and negative aspects of technology. Compare science and technology. Recall the major divisions in the evolution of technology. Recall technological developments in each period of technological history. Recall characteristics of the information age.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. TechnologyTechnology Defined People use technology every day but understand little about it. It can be primitive and crude, or complex and sophisticated. Technology is humans consciously using objects to extend natural abilities or potential to do work, resulting in artifacts or other outputs.artifacts

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Features of Technology Insert Fig. 1-3

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Economy of Technology Technology results in products and services. Nearly all technology is developed and produced by profit-centered businesses.profit Businesses change and improve their products and services. Each country’s economy is directly dependent on its ability to produce products and services that can compete in the world market.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What changes have been made to the automobile since it was first manufactured? (Library of Congress, General Motors)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Good Aspects of Technology Technology is a dynamic process, always improving on existing technology.dynamic process Technology allows better and faster communication, more efficient travel, and advanced forms of entertainment. (Keytec, Inc.)

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Bad Aspects of Technology Technology contributes to worldly problems when used improperly. It can cause pollution, unemployment, huge disasters, and soil erosion. Being technologically literate can help prevent misuse of technology.technologically literate Insert Fig. 1-6

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Types of Knowledge Insert Fig. 1-8

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Technology and Science Technology and science are closely related, but are different. Science is examined through research of the natural world.Scienceresearch Technology is concerned with development of products and structures to make our lives better.development A third type of knowledge is humanities.humanities

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Humanities Humanities includes psychology, sociology, religion and ethics, art, music, literature, history, and anthropology. Human actions within natural and human-made environments.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Evolution of Technology Technology has been part of humanity for 2.5 million years. Early communities lived in primitive conditions.primitive conditions Civilized conditions came when humans began making tools, growing crops, engineering materials, and developing transportation systems.Civilized conditions The technological developments of each age led to major changes in society.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Technology Through the Ages Insert Fig. 1-9

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Stone Age (1,000,000 – 3000 B.C.)Stone Age Began about 2 million years ago. Tools were made of stone and used to cut and pound vegetables, and cut meat from animal carcasses. Humans learned to harness fire for heating, cooking, and protection. The population being more productive meant that more people could live in a given area.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Bronze Age (3000 – 1200 B.C.)Bronze Age Marked the discovery of copper and thus bronze. Humans used copper and copper-based metals as tools. Large-scale irrigation systems transformed agriculture so people did not have to depend on native vegetation and animal life for survival. Food storage, writing, navigation, and other basic technologies were developed and improved on.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Iron Age (1200 B.C. – 1300 A.D.)Iron Age Iron and steel became the primary materials for tools because they were more plentiful and cheaper than copper and bronze. The alphabet came into general use, as did coins. Trade, transportation, and communication all improved, and civilization expanded.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Middle Ages (500 A.D. – 1500 A.D.)Middle Ages Known for various upheavals, as tribes continually fought for territory. The invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg in 1445 made books more available to most people. Other items discovered and improved on during this time included the magnetic compass and waterwheel. Paper money increased the amount of goods bought and sold.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Renaissance (1300 – 1600 A.D.)Renaissance The Renaissance led to improvements in the arts, literature, history, and political science, and discovery of new lands. Sketches for inventions, like a flying machine and a movable bridge by Leonardo da Vinci. Inventions between the 1300s and 1600s: Modified ships. Calculators. The telescope. The screwdriver.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Industrial Revolution (1750 – Ongoing)Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England in the 1750s and moved to America in the late 1700s. Improvements in weaving and the steam engine, invention of the cotton gin, and standardized parts. Workforce changed for more efficient production. Longer machine life, division of jobs, new material- handling devices, and management.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What positive and negative effects did the Industrial Revolution have on society?

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Information Age (Present)Information Age Characteristics of the Information Age: Automatic machines and information-processing equipment. High demand for trained technicians, technologists, and engineers. Blurring of the line between production workers and managers. Constant need for job-related training and retraining.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Industrial engineering technician. Studies efficient use of personnel, materials, and machines in production facilities. Education has emphasis on mathematics and science. High school and associate’s or bachelor’s degree is required.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What is technology? Using objects to change the natural and human-made environment.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What are the four basic features of technology? Human knowledge; tools, materials, and systems; artifacts or other outputs; controlling the environment.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Why is technology a dynamic process? Technology is constantly changing and causing change.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. List one advantage and one disadvantage of technology. Advantage: better and faster communication and travel. Disadvantage: high pollution levels.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What is the difference between science and technology? Science is a study of the natural world, while technology works at development of products and structures to improve our lives.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What are the seven major ages in the history of civilization? Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, and the Information Age.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. In which age was the printing press invented? The printing press was invented in the Middle Ages.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. During the Industrial Revolution, the development of standardized, _____ parts expanded manufacturing capabilities. interchangeable

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. What are some characteristics of the Information Age? High demand for trained technicians, technologists, and engineers; wide use of automatic machines and information- processing equipment; blurring between production workers and managers; and the constant need for training and retraining.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Artifacts objects made by humans. Bronze Age the stage in human history that took place after the Stone Age. During this time, farming developed, villages and towns started to appear, and copper and copper-based metal tools replaced stone tools. Civilized conditions societies in which humans make tools, grow crops, engineer materials, and develop transportation systems.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Development the work technologists do by building products and structures to make lives better. Dynamic process a process that is constantly changing or causing change. Humanities a type of knowledge that describes the relationships between and among groups of people.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Industrial Revolution the historical period from 1750 to 1850, when tremendous changes in technology occurred. Many machines and devices were invented, including the steam engine and the telegraph. Information Age occurring after the Industrial Revolution, this time period places most importance on information processing and cooperative working relations between production workers and managers.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Iron Age the historical period beginning around 1200 B.C. During this period, iron and steel became the primary materials for tools. Trade, transportation, and communication all improved, and civilization expanded.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Middle Ages the historical period beginning around 400 A.D. It is known for its various upheavals, as tribes continually fought each other for territory, but technology still progressed. One of the major inventions of this time was printing from movable type, developed by Johann Gutenberg in Primitive conditions conditions determined by nature. Primitive societies were dependent on nature to provide food, shelter, and clothing.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Profit the amount of money left over after all the expenses of a business have been paid. Renaissance the historical period that began in the early 1300s in Italy and lasted until This period is known for new ideas in art, literature, history, and political science, but technological developments such as the calculator and the telescope, also occurred.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Research the work scientists do by gathering information to try to explain why something exists or happens in a certain way. Science knowledge of the natural world.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Stone Age the earliest period in history. First, simple stone tools were used to cut and pound vegetables and cut meat from animal carcasses; later, pointed stone hunting tools were developed. Humans also learned how to harness fire for heating, cooking, and protection. Technologically literate having the understanding and ability to direct new technology.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Technology humans using objects to change the natural and human-made environments.