Chapter 12 Notes State Government

Bellwork Define key terms on page 282

The Constitution and Federalism Framers of the Constitution created a federal system- federal and state governments share power Rules for the states: Can’t divide or merge, can have a National Guard, can’t declare war or make treaties, can’t issue its own money, can’t tax imports from other countries Each state can govern itself

Reserve Powers The 10 th amendment gives the states reserve powers or powers not given to the National Government Responsible for public health, safety, and welfare of its citizens Set up law enforcement, build roads, regulate business, education, and organize local government.

Federal Supremacy The Constitution grants concurrent powers- powers shared by the states and federal governments. Powers are tax, borrow money, spend for general welfare, establish courts, make and enforce laws McCullough v. Maryland upheld that federal law takes precedence over state law.

Government Cooperation The federal government gives grants-in-aid to states to help with projects and programs Article IV requires states to give “full faith and credit” to all public laws Also requires states to have a republic form of government In return, states get to hold federal elections and vote on amendments added to the Constitution.

State Constitutions Each state has its own Constitution Every state has 3 branches like the federal government It explains how each branch is to operate Also has a Bill of Rights They establish local governments Tells how to raise money Establishes independent state agencies, boards, and commissions like utilities, and state boards of education

Homework 1.List 3 expressed powers, 3 concurrent powers, and 3 reserved powers. 2.What court cases upheld that the federal government is over the state governments? 3.When does the federal government give money to the states? 4.How are the State Constitutions setup? 5.List 3 powers of the states.

Bellwork 1.Each state has its own ________, which sets up its own government. 2.Powers that are given to the state are called_________. 3.Explain “full faith and credit.” 4.Powers that are shared by the National and State governments are called ____________.

Makeup of the Legislatures The legislatures vary from state to state in size 49 states have a bicameral legislature (Nebraska does not) they have a Senate and a House of Representatives In most states Senators are elected to 4 year terms and Representatives 2 year terms In most states members of the house must be 18 and the Senate ranges between Pay has gone up because the workload has gone up

Makeup of Alabama Legislature House of Representatives 105 members( 1 for every 40,000) 4 year terms Must be 21 years old Citizen of Alabama for 3 years Live in the district for 1 year Senate 35 members( 1 for every 125,000) 4 year terms Must be 25 years old Citizen of Alabama for 3 years Live in the district for 1 year

How Each State Functions Each house has a leader House- Speaker of the House Senate- a president or Lieutenant Governor The majority party picks the Speaker of the House and a president If the state has a Lieutenant Governor the people elect them

How Alabama Functions Senate The Lieutenant Governor is elected, by statewide vote, every four years, and must be at least 30 years of age, when elected, and must have been a citizen of the United States for 10 years, and a resident citizen of the State of Alabama for 7 years, prior to election. The Lieutenant Governor can vote, on any matter before the Senate, only to break a tie vote.

How Alabama Functions Senate The President Pro Tempore (Latin, "For A Time"), of the Senate, is elected, during each Organizational Session, from the ranks of the Senators to serve in the event of absence of the Lieutenant governor of the Senate

How Alabama Functions House of Representatives The Speaker of the House is a member of the body and is elected by his colleagues to serve as the presiding officer.

How Laws are Passed 1)Bills are introduced 2)Goes to a committee 3)Goes to the full house for a vote 4)Goes to the other house 5)Goes to a committee 6)Then a full house vote 7)If passes in a different way then it goes to a conference committee 8)Both houses approve 9)Finally the Governor signs the bill

Legislative Apportionment Population is counted every 10 years State legislature divides the districts In some states house districts were drawn based on population and Senate districts were drawn based on land 1962 Baker v. Carr ruled that federal courts can hear cases to force states to redraw districts 1964 Reynolds v. Sims ruled that all districts have to be apportioned based on population

Bellwork 1)Define unicameral 2)Who are the leaders of each house in the legislature? 3)How are House and Senate districts drawn? 4)What did the Supreme Court case Reynolds v. Sims do?

The State Executive Branch Each state has an Executive Branch And a chief executive called a governor They also have a number of Departments and agencies that carry out the business of the state

Governors Qualifications Election 1. Terms 1. Powers and Duties

Qualifications Must be 30 A resident of the state for 5 years All states must be a U. S. citizen Elected by the people Serve 4 year terms

Qualifications for Alabama governor at least thirty years of age when elected citizen of the United States ten years A resident citizens of this state at least seven years Elected by the people Can only serve 2 consecutive 4 year terms

Powers and Duties Chief Executive- carries out state laws, appoints officials, prepares the budget Chief Legislature- Proposes legislature, approves legislature Judicial Leader- Offers pardons and reprieves, grants parole

Powers and Duties Commander in Chief- In charge of the State National Guard Party leader- Leads his Political Party Ceremonial Leader- Greets important visitors, represents the state

Bellwork 1)Who is the leader of the State Executive Branch? 2)Define line-item veto. 3)List 6 powers of the Governor (things that he can do) 4)What does the Attorney general do?

The State Judicial Branch Lower Courts General Trials Court Appellate Courts

Lower Courts Rural areas called justice courts Judge is called Justice of the Peace They handle less serious crimes called misdemeanors No jury

Lower Courts Larger towns called magistrate courts Also hear minor crimes and some civil cases if less than $1000

Lower Courts Larger cities have municipal courts They are divided into specialized areas like traffic, juvenile, and small claims In civil cases they have a plaintiff- people filing the suit and a defendant- person being sued

General Trials This is for people that are accused of a major crime for example murder or armed robber A jury decides on the case A judge makes sure the case is being tried fairly

Appellate Court Reviews decisions of the lower courts Has a panel of judges Last resort for cases not involving the U. S. Constitution is the state supreme court

Selection of Judges in Alabama Supreme Court elected in partisan elections to six-year terms on the court. Civil and Criminal Appeals courts elected in partisan elections to six-year terms. Municipal courts appointed by the governing body of the municipality for four-year terms