Triumphs in Europe

What is Nationalism?

Wanted unity after Napoleon Otto von Bismark Junker class Conservative land-owning nobles Blood & Iron 1862, King William I made him prime minister Within a decade, he became chancellor

Realpolitik Realistic politics based on needs of the state Power more important than principles Hohenzollern nationalist Strengthened army Annexed several German states Franco-Prussian War of 1870 Napoleon III surrendered within a few weeks

Kaiser William I Second Reich January 1871

● Industrial giant ● Iron & coal resources ● Disciplined & educated workforce ● Middle class ● Responsibility ● Deference to authority ● Population increase ● 1871 = 41 million ● 1914 = 67 million ● Science ● Research & development ● Single currency ● Railroads ● Raised tariffs Government

● Foreign Policy – Keep France weak – Alliance Austria & Russia – “Water rats do not fight with land rats,” Otto von Bismarck ● Domestic Policy – Ruthless – Erase local loyalties & opposition

● 1/3 of German population – Bismarck distrusted – Loyalty to pope ● Kulturkampf – “Battle for civilization” ● ● Allegiance to state over Church Pope Pius IX, A political game of chess Do you think it worked?

New plan, protect workers ● Threat in growing power of socialism ● Social Democratic Party – Parliamentary democracy & laws to improve conditions for workers ● Bismarck was afraid of revolution he tried to repress them but workers unified ● By 1890s, Germans had health, accident & old age insurance ● Under Bismarck, Germany was a pioneer in social reform

● 1888, William II succeeded his grandfather ● Confident & ambitious – Shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to resign in 1890 ● Provided social welfare – Cheap transportation & electricity, Public schools which taught obedience to the emperor & 3 R's ● Lavished money on military (already most powerful in Europe), expanded navy (tried to rival Britain & France) Reign ● William's nationalism &agressive military stance increased tensions on eve of WWI

 Italian peninsula, same language but they had not experienced political unity since Roman times  1800's, patriots were determined  Like Germany, needed strong state & ruthless politician

 Local loyalties  People of Florence considered themselves to be Tuscans  Venice, Venetians  Naples, Neapolitans  Etc.  Napoleons invasions (like in Germany) sparked dreams of national unity  Austrian control of N. Italy  1820 to 1848, nationalists revolts across the region  Troops sent in

“To constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation”  1830's, nationalist leader Mazzini founded Young Italy  Secret society  1849 set up revolutionary republic in Rome  French forces toppled it  Like many nationalists, Mazzini spent much of his life in exile

“Idea's grow quickly, when watered by the blood of martyrs.” - Mazzini Nationalists reminded people of the glory of Rome

1870, First time since fall of Roman empire, Italy was a united land

 Richer  Had more cities  Centers of business & culture  Rural  Poor  Booming population  Illiterate peasants couldn't make much of a living on exhausted land North South

By 1914, Italy much better off than it was in 1861 But hardly prepared for the Great War

● Why did nationalism bring strength to some countries & weaken others? ● In Eastern & Central Europe, the Austrian Hapsburgs & Ottoman Turks ruled lands of diverse ethnic groups ● 1800, Hapsburgs were oldest ruling house in Europe Hapsburgs had homeland of Austria & also Bohemia, Hungary, parts of Romania, Poland, Ukraine, & northern Italy

“Rule & change nothing,” – Francis I to his son Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe. ● Austrian Emperor Francis I ● Newspapers couldn’t use the word constitution ● Government limited industrial development ● Threatened traditional way of life ● But eventually the changes in the rest of Europe caught up with them

18 years old Francis Joseph remained emperor of Austria & king of Hungary Like Hapsburgs, Ottomans also ruled a multinational empire (E. Europe to Balkans to N Africa & Middle East

Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans. France & Britain sometimes joined the Russians and sometimes the Ottomans. Germany supported Austrian authority over the national groups, but also encouraged the Ottomans because of their strategic location in the eastern Mediterranean. The people in these areas revolted then fought amongst themselves. The explosion that came from this area would help set off World War I.

 Serfdom almost disappeared in Western Europe by 1700s, but survived in Russia  Masters had almost total power over their serfs  Efforts to reform, free Russia from autocratic rule & social injustice  But efforts to modernize had little success  Tsars imprisoned critics or sent them to exile 1850, Russia was largest & most populous nation in Europe Great World Power

 Nations looked at Russia anxiously  Immense natural resources  Europeans disliked its autocratic government & feared its expansion Russia remained economically undeveloped 1800’s, tsars saw need to modernize, but resisted reforms that would undermine their absolute rule

 Landowning nobles dominated society  Resisted any change that would threaten their power  Middle class was small & weak  Most people were serfs  Landowning nobles didn’t want to move away from agriculture to industry Tsars ruled with absolute power

 Tsar Alexander II, 1855  Russia tried to seize Ottoman land  British & French joined Ottoman Turks  Invaded Crimean peninsula  Russian defeat  War showed Russia’s backwardness  Inefficient military  Only a few miles of railroads  Change was needed Crimean War

 Widespread popular reaction  Liberals demanded changes, students demonstrated  Alexander II agreed to reform  Former serfs still poor  But started industrialization  Turning point for Russia 1861, Emancipation Freed the serfs Set up zemstvos, elected assemblies for local government

 Peasants had freedom but no land  Liberals wanted a constitution & elected legislature  Radicals wanted more revolutionary changes  They adopted socialist ideas from the West March 13, 1881

Officially encouraged pogroms, violent mob attacks on Jewish people  Alexander III avenged his father’s death  Harsh methods  Punished liberals & revolutionaries  Secret police, censorship, exiled critics to Siberia  Russification  Suppressed culture of non-Russian peoples within empire  One language, Russian  One church, Russian Orthodox Poles, Ukrainians, Finns, Armenians, Muslims, Jews and many others suffered persecution

 Finally enter industrial age under Nicholas II  Alexander III’s son  1890s, Tsar Nicholas II  Focused on economic development  Built railroads  Invested in industry Economic growth, but peasants worked in factories, lived in slums Socialists handed out pamphlets with ideas by Karl Marx

 Russo-Japanese war, 1904  Nicholas II, called people to fight for “the Faith, the Tsar, & the Fatherland” Sunday, January 22, 1905 Protestors led a peaceful march through St. Petersburg towards Winter Palace

 Bloody Sunday, January 22, 1905 Bloody Sunday killed people’s trust & faith in the Tsar  Revolution of 1905  Months after Bloody Sunday, strikes, revolts, assassinations  Nicholas announced sweeping reforms By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, but one simmering with unrest